Introduction. The relevance of this work is determined by the demand to ensure the growth of social adaptation and social well-being of people with disabilities. Such an increase in the social well-being of people with disabilities is possible on the basis of an increase in the degree of employment in public production of people with disabilities (and persons with disabilities, hereinafter referred to as simply disabled) during the period of post-industrial development and the formation of a new technological order. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that in the conditions of post-industrial development, information, intellectual capital and financial resources are becoming key resources for development. This may be an additional factor contributing to the increased employment of people with disabilities.
The hypothesis of this article is the assumption that the purposeful design of inclusive technologies and professions of the future by the method of design thinking will create additional conditions for social adaptation and an increase in the employment rate of people with disabilities, which will become the basis for increasing the degree of social well-being of people with disabilities in post-industrial development.
The problem of this article is the development of a methodology for designing inclusive technologies and professions of the future using design thinking as a basis for improving the level of adaptation and social well-being of people with disabilities in the situation of the formation of a post-industrial mode of production.
The purpose of the article is to increase the number of jobs for people with disabilities in the interests of improving the level of social adaptation and social well-being of people with disabilities in the context of post-industrial development.
To achieve the stated purpose of the article, the following tasks are solved::
-the possibilities of developing inclusive technologies in the interests of social adaptation and social well-being of people with disabilities are being explored,
-the methodology of designing inclusive technologies and professions of the future is being formed by the method of design thinking,
- formation of a methodology for teaching students the synthesis of inclusive technologies using the method of design thinking.
The object of the work is inclusive technologies and professions of the future in the context of post-industrial development.
The subject of the article is the methodology of designing inclusive technologies and professions of the future by the method of design thinking in the context of post-industrial development.
From a methodological point of view, this article deals with the development of such a scientific and practical direction as the theoretical foundations of the synthesis of inclusive technologies of the future. It should be noted that in the field of synthesis of promising technologies, the main emphasis is on heuristic methods. The scientific methods in this article are the following methods. Technical forecasting makes it possible to form probabilistic judgments on the composition of the technological basis of organizations in post-industrial conditions. System engineering, as a complex of heterogeneous methods, allows the design of anthropogenic complex systems. Historical analysis allows us to study and predict trends in technological development. Logical analysis makes it possible to establish a causal relationship between the trends of scientific and technological progress and the methods of designing inclusive technologies. A comparative analysis allows us to identify the best options for methodological techniques and inclusive technologies. Synthesis makes it possible to form samples of future inclusive technologies from individual elements. Extrapolation makes it possible to extend the trends of the past into the future of technological development. Engineering design makes it possible to form approaches and methods for designing inclusive technologies and technical systems based on these technologies. Expert methods allow us to form knowledge, opinions and assessments of technologies based on, among other things, subconscious information (implicit knowledge). The methods of work analysis make it possible to develop technological maps and assess the possibility of using the work of people with disabilities within the framework of inclusive technology.
The analysis of scientific publications on a research topic refers to theoretical research methods. Such an analysis of literary sources makes it possible to find out: which scientific problems and their aspects have already been sufficiently investigated; on which issues there is a scientific discussion; which theoretical concepts are already outdated; which problems are relevant and have not yet been investigated, and others. In general, working with literary sources includes the following methods: compiling a bibliography (list of sources) on the topic of synthesis of inclusive technologies; referencing a scientific source (a concise description of the essence of the work under study on methods of synthesis of inclusive technologies); interpretation of known results in the context of a planned study of inclusive technologies, and others.
An analysis of publications on the topic of this article shows the following.
Automation of parametric technology design in construction is discussed in [1, pp. 31-34].Scientists are exploring the possibility of using information technology in the design of textile technologies [2, pp. 13-14]. Analysts study the conceptual aspects of BIM technologies, as well as BIM design technologies themselves [3, pp. 189-191].Scientists are developing methods for designing intelligent systems [4, pp. 149-152]. Researchers are developing concepts for creating a synergetic technology for designing rocket and space systems [5, pp. 9-10]. Experts note the need to develop conceptual design methods in aircraft construction [6, pp. 479-495]. Scientists propose to develop the conceptual aspects of designing Russia’s technological sovereignty based on the use of the periodic table of technologies [7, pp. 263-266]. Analysts are developing conceptual aspects of designing coal mining technologies using the cogeneration method [8, pp. 34-36]. Scientists are developing a methodology for the conceptual design of the infrastructure for manned space exploration of the Moon [9, pp. 115-121]. Analysts note the need to develop thinking technologies in project management [10, pp. 40-42]. The expert suggests studying the technology lifecycle of the 4th industrial revolution as part of an integrative theory [11, pp. 44-54]. Well-known scientists in the field of management of organizations express the point of view that the importance of technology for firms has not yet been fully studied and is underestimated [12, p. 63]. The expert suggests developing the segment of inclusive technologies as part of the process of establishing a new technological order [13]. To increase the effectiveness of project activities in new sectors of the economy, Tim Brown developed a method of design thinking [14, p.2]. Researchers note that the method of design thinking is human-oriented [15, p. 264-266]. The method of design thinking can be considered as a new way of innovation activity in traditional industries [16].
The analysis of literary sources on the stated topic of this article carried out in the framework of this work shows that there is still no general theory of technology design in the post-industrial world, and work on the development of inclusive technology design methodology based on the adaptation of the design thinking method can be considered relevant.
Method. The explanatory dictionary defines that a profession is a person’s main occupation and work activity. An inclusive profession can be defined as a line of work for a disabled person or persons with disabilities. An inclusive specialty is part of the profession of a person with disabilities. In turn, an inclusive specialty finds its labor embodiment in the participation of a disabled employee (human) in the technologies of real economic and/or social activities of organizations. Thus, (based on the use of the transitivity property of conditional syllogisms), we can say that the creation of inclusive technologies will produce the formation of inclusive specialties and professions of the future. In turn, the work of a disabled person (or a person with disabilities) in a specialty can be interpreted as his possible full socialization and the achievement by such a disabled person of the maximum possible (taking into account disability and/ or disabilities) state of social well-being. The society is interested in the social adaptation of people with disabilities and persons with disabilities in the framework of their work. The participation of a disabled person in public production is the basis for his social adaptation and social well-being, as well as the social well-being of families with disabilities.
At the same time, as is known, during the process of specialization and division of labor, there is a constant increase in the number of professions, up to 500 new professions arise annually. By professions of the future, we will understand: firstly, work in the field of developing new technologies (nanotechnology, neurotechnology, digitalization technologies, information technology, biotechnology, and others); secondly, activities to modernize technologies of previous technological disciplines (industrial production, agriculture, services) based on the introduction of new elements into old technologies. technological structure.
The creation of a methodology for designing inclusive technologies and professions of the future (or the modernization of non-inclusive technologies in order to make them inclusive) can be based on a general theory of technology design. However, as the analysis of literary sources on the topic of this work performed in this article has shown, such a theory has not yet been created in the first quarter of the 21st century.
At the same time, it can be recommended to take into account the fact that, according to M.H. Mescon, M. Albert, F. Khedouri, technology strongly affects all aspects of the work of organizations. As noted by these authors, technologies determine the relationship between the goals and objectives of organizations. At the same time, technologies also act as a method that is used to transform raw materials into finished products in the production process within the framework of a company’s typical production cycle. Consequently, technologies can also be defined as practically oriented activities in the interests of performing certain operations using raw materials, information, and the competence of employees to produce a finished product [12, p. 63].
It is known from the above-mentioned work by the same authors that the methods of work design and the theoretical foundations of technology were developed by Lewis Davis. At the same time, it was Lewis Davis who described the term “technology” itself. Within the framework of this concept, it is defined that technology aggregates (systematically combines) the following components: method of production; qualification skills of employees; production equipment of the organization [12, p. 63].
Thus, the classical definition of technology given by Lewis Davis does not take into account the health status of an employee of an organization. This does not allow dividing technologies into two segments (classes): inclusive technologies for people with disabilities and disabilities (HIA) and non-inclusive technologies (require an absolutely healthy employee). Presumably, for the synthesis of inclusive technologies, the health conditions of employees should be differentiated and assessed within a certain methodology (for example, the methodology for assigning disability groups for various diseases).
In this article, inclusive technologies are those technologies that can be practically implemented in the social sphere and the economy using the labor of people with disabilities (and people with disabilities). In the context of post-industrial development, inclusive technologies are those technologies that take into account: the actual health limitations of certain employees of the company; new forms of organization of post-industrial work (flexible working hours, remote work, etc.); the possibilities of information technology, including the Internet, other means of communication and other factors of post-industrial production.
Methodological techniques for the synthesis of such inclusive technologies can be: analysis; synthesis; decomposition-dividing the whole into parts; aggregation of elements into a single whole-a system; scientific and technical forecasting; work analysis; design thinking; development of technological maps; model representations of the production process; monitoring of technological development processes; analysis of socio-economic efficiency technology and more.
In the process of creating an inclusive technology, it is necessary to ensure such a decomposition of the projected technology into operations that would: ensure an acceptable division of the production process into parts (technological operations); some technological operations can be performed by people with disabilities and persons with disabilities. A similar requirement may be considered valid when upgrading previously existing conventional (non-inclusive) technology in the interests of turning non-inclusive technology into inclusive technology.
The methodological requirements for inclusive technologies reflected in these preliminary remarks are external in nature and must be creatively adapted and developed by designers of specific inclusive production processes.
The creation of inclusive technologies or the modernization of non-inclusive technologies and their transformation into inclusive technologies can be considered as an innovative project.
In a situation where: there is no general theory of technology design; the synthesis of inclusive technology is an innovation; the synthesis of inclusive technologies should take into account the health characteristics of employees (the project should be focused on a certain category of disabled people), it is logical to apply the methodology of design thinking [14, p.2; 15, p.264-266; 16, p.117-130].
In this paper, design thinking is proposed to be simultaneously considered as an innovative method of project innovation and a method of ergodesign of such innovative projects for the synthesis of inclusive technologies.
The methodology of design thinking in the implementation of innovative projects for the development of inclusive technologies includes the traditional stages of this method, characterized by the following specifics:
1) the empathy stage in the design of inclusive technologies covers the collection, presentation and interested perception by the designer of information related to the features of inclusive life, the idea of inclusive technology and the profession of the future for a certain category of people with disabilities and persons with disabilities;
2) the stage of focus in the creation of inclusive technologies finds its expression in the structuring of information by the designer based on abstraction from the secondary in the process of information processing and cognition of the conditions, goals, and structure of an innovative project for the creation of inclusive technology;
3) the ideation stage in the formation of inclusive technologies includes the generation of hypotheses and assumptions, the development of ideas, and the formation of goals for an innovative project for the synthesis of inclusive technology;
4) the integration stage, at which hypotheses are “assembled” into a single whole-into a conceptual project (a set of hypotheses) and a concept of the design process (a project as a product; a project as a set of measures);
5) the prototyping stage, as a stage of forming an effective simplified model (prototype) of the project object (inclusive technology) and/or a description of the project implementation process (algorithm for implementing measures (actions) to implement the inclusive technology project);
6) the stage of testing (testing) a prototype of an inclusive technology, where the task is to confirm the possibility of achieving the goals of the project (creating an inclusive technology) in the proposed way or to identify the fact that it is not possible to achieve the goal by the method proposed in the project.
According to T. Brown’s methodology, the project goal is formed at stage 3 (the ideation stage). In this article (unlike T. Brown’s methodology), it is proposed to form the goal of the project even before the practical application of the design thinking methodology. This proposal is based on the fact that even at the first stage (the empathy stage) it is necessary to know the purpose of the interested collection and presentation of information concerning the appearance (structure and characteristics) and the content of the projected inclusive technology.
The goal of an innovative project to create inclusive technology will be referred to as the ideal outcome of this scientific and/or innovative project in the future. The description of the project objectives is to formulate the project objective – a specific image of the future of inclusive technology. The image of a future inclusive technology can be understood as a description of its structure and main characteristics.
Since the purpose of such a project can be complex, a method for constructing a graph tree of the goals of an inclusive technology project can be used. Further, this graph – tree of the goals of the inclusive technology creation project can be harmonized by the ergodesign method at the integration stage (within the framework of the design thinking method). The description of the purpose(s) of the inclusive technology creation project makes it possible to formulate a criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of such a project. Then, in accordance with the criterion, it will be possible to establish the fact that the innovative project has achieved the planned result for the formation of inclusive technology.
An innovator (designer) who applies the method of design thinking in his work on designing inclusive technologies: reflects and reproduces the objective needs of society in employment and social adaptation of people with disabilities; takes into account the natural aspects of the real economy, in particular, the desire of entrepreneurs to maximize profits or other effects; relies on technological achievements of the economy and society; takes into account the characteristic limitations on the health of people with disabilities and more.
The basis for the effectiveness of design thinking as a method of designing inclusive technologies can be considered its integrative nature. Design thinking (as a design method) allows a designer to aggregate (combine) into a single system of knowledge and comprehensively uses all types of knowledge (everyday knowledge, pre-scientific knowledge, artistic knowledge, scientific knowledge) during an innovative project to create an inclusive technology of the future.
Discussion. Modernization of the economy and social sphere in the context of the formation of a new technological order may also manifest itself in the formation of a segment of inclusive technologies as a new direction in technological development.
In the first half of the 20th century, the following problems can be identified as hindering the development of inclusive technologies:
-lack of a general theory of technology synthesis (design is carried out using heuristic methods);
-the existing regulatory framework, which does not provide for the development of such areas as inclusive technologies and the formation of an appropriate type of public-private partnership mechanism in this area;
-the impossibility of developing the entire set of problems by an individual innovator (or a small group) due to the scale and complex nature of the problem in the absence of a single (possibly topologically and functionally distributed) methodological and organizational center for the development of inclusive technologies, and others.
The analysis shows that the complex scientific and practical problem of the development of the segment of inclusive technologies may include, cover such aspects of development:
-scientific and methodological aspect (fundamental research in the interests of development: theory of technological structures, methods of system engineering of technological development processes, general theory of design of all types of technologies, special design methods of inclusive technologies, etc.);
-development of methods of financing innovations in the field of inclusive technologies (creation of infrastructure and a system of venture financing of such projects, etc.);
-the medical and biological aspect (study of the physical and psychological characteristics of people with disabilities, medical examination of people with disabilities, assessment of the ability of people with disabilities to work in real technology, etc.);
-the regulatory and legal aspect (regulatory regulation of the life cycle of inclusive technologies, the creation of a mechanism for public partnership, the legal basis for medical examination of persons with disabilities for their suitability for a particular job, etc.);
-development of the mechanism of public-private partnership in the field of formation of the segment of inclusive technologies, etc.);
-organizational aspect (creation of consortia and/or pools of developers of inclusive technologies and systems, etc.);
- improving the methods of work analysis within the framework of inclusive technologies of the future should open up the opportunity to create inclusive technological maps and evaluate the possibility of using the work of people with disabilities within the framework of inclusive technology of the future;
-solving the problem of knowledge socialization in the field of the need to develop a segment of inclusive technologies and more.
The methodological vacuum in the form of the absence of a general theory of technology synthesis at the beginning of the 21st century in this paper is proposed to minimize through modernization, adaptation to the specifics of the project task and the practical application of the method of design thinking.
Additionally, it should be noted that within the framework of the design thinking method, at the stage of empathy (and other stages), it becomes reasonable and highly desirable (from the point of view of ensuring this very empathy and interested consideration of information) for the disabled and persons with disabilities themselves to participate in such design. As you know, empathy reflects the ability of participants in an inclusive technology development project to sense, understand, perceive, feel, and empathize with the physical and emotional state of people with disabilities and people with disabilities (other people). Empathy includes the ability to put oneself in the place of people with disabilities and people with disabilities. Empathy promotes the formation of deeper relationships in the project team, improves professional and social interaction between team members, minimizes the possibility of conflicts and promotes constructive resolution of such conflicts when they arise.
As you know, empathy includes not only the feeling of compassion for others, but is also a complex process that can include emotional and cognitive elements. Empathy encompasses: firstly, the ability to feel the emotions of a disabled person, an employer (another person_ is emotional empathy; secondly, the ability to intellectually understand (cognitive empathy) the feelings of other people participating in an inclusive production process. This allows us to consider empathy as a structural element of the emotional intelligence of the designer of inclusive technologies of the future.
At the same time, empathy (as an emotional state and a factor of emotional intelligence of the designer) is both the starting point and the initial stage of designing inclusive technologies by the method of design thinking invented by T.Brown. In this regard, the inclusion of persons with disabilities and persons with disabilities may be highly desirable in the interests of improving the efficiency of design processes and creating an inclusive technology segment.
However, the possibility of using the method of design thinking does not negate the tasks of developing a general theory of technology synthesis, methods of system engineering in the field of designing the technological development of modern economics and society. Therefore, it can be predicted that the further development of the methodology for designing inclusive technologies will have a positive impact on the scientific and methodological support for solving the problems of designing technological processes in the economy and the social sphere. This further increases the relevance and significance of the work in this area.
For example, industry venture funds and others proposed by the author of this article can be used for venture financing of projects to create inclusive technologies.
From the point of view of legal support for the development of the segment of inclusive technologies, additional justification, legal consolidation and expansion of the concept of “public-private partnership” in the modern regulatory framework are required.
In order to overcome the organizational disunity of potential participants in the strategic project for the development of the segment of inclusive technologies, it may be proposed to create a consortium of organizations (stakeholders) interested in this trend of technological development.
In addition to this, the formation of a consortium for the development of such a mechanism of public-private partnership in the field of inclusive technologies development can also be recommended for the formation and development of a mechanism of public-private partnership. Such a consortium is a temporary association of interested organizations in the interests of achieving a set goal (the development of inclusive technologies).
The order of work, financing, distribution of tasks and conditions of functioning of such a consortium with the participation of public authorities should be discussed in the process of consultations between its participants.
An additional contribution to the development of the mechanism of public-private partnership and the formation of an inclusive technology segment in the real economy can be made by the preparation and organization of All-Russian (and other levels) scientific conferences on the development of the inclusive technology segment, and the inclusion of universities in this work.
Next, it is proposed to consider the practical possibility of using the inclusive technology design methodology proposed in this article using a specific example.
Example. Synthesis of inclusive technology and a system of remote security of real estate objects with the participation of a disabled security guard.
Traditional (non-inclusive) real estate security technology includes periodic inspection and visual inspection of the protected object by a security guard, taking necessary measures by a security guard (who has no health restrictions) to prevent theft, etc.
The purpose of inclusive security technology is to ensure that people with musculoskeletal disabilities can carry out security activities.
Let’s apply the methodology of design thinking to synthesize such an inclusive technology.
1) the empathy stage in the design of this inclusive security technology consists in collecting information about: by what technical means personal inspection and visual control of the protected object can be replaced by remote control using information technology; how and by what technical means attempted theft can be prevented, etc..
2) the stage of focus in creating an inclusive security technology consists in abstracting from the specifics of the protected objects and their typification from the point of view of ensuring their protection and preventing theft, and based on the formation of a certain technology of inclusive security activities, the synthesis of modules of technical means of remote control of the protected object;
3) the stage of ideation in the synthesis of inclusive technology of remote security activities covers the promotion of hypotheses regarding: the properties of remote control of a protected object; ways to warn about the risk of theft; ways to prevent theft; ways to detain alleged criminals; ways to collect and record evidence, and more;
4) the integration stage, at which the hypotheses put forward at stage No. 3 are “assembled” into a single whole-into a conceptual project (set of hypotheses): firstly, remote security technologies; secondly, a set of technical means (television cameras, means of transmitting and displaying information, means of documenting information);thirdly, a set of measures and means to detain potential criminals (cars, mobile groups of guards, sirens, stationary cans with colored spray for staining intruders, loudspeakers, etc.);
5) the prototyping stage of an inclusive technology and a technical system for remote security activities, where an operating mock-up of such a security system is assembled, providing for the participation of guards with disabilities and persons with disabilities in the field of musculoskeletal system in its work.;
6) the testing stage of the prototype of an inclusive technology and a technical system for remote security activities, which aims to confirm the effectiveness of the created inclusive security system or to identify the fact that it is not possible to achieve the goal by the method proposed in the project.
At the same time, it should be noted that T. Brown’s methodology does not take into account the existence of a five-level technological pyramid, including in the field of remote security activities (conceptual level, technology level, technical systems level, technical systems operation level, technical service level and personnel training). At the same time, flexible integration of the design thinking methodology and the five-level technology pyramid model is necessary.
At the same time and in addition to this (as part of the design of inclusive technology), a system of measures should be proposed to stimulate the milestones of stakeholders in the creation and development of such systems within the framework of the mechanism of public-private partnership in the field of inclusive technology development.
The given example of using the design methodology of inclusive technologies by the method of design thinking confirms the possibility of practical use of design thinking for the development of the segment of inclusive technologies, taking into account the five-level technological pyramid in inclusive technologies.
Additionally, it should be noted that in order to develop the segment of inclusive technologies, it may be necessary to develop a methodology for pre-project research (methodology for pre-designing such technologies) in innovative projects to create inclusive technologies. It is required to develop the methodology, methods of organization and financing of such advance projects. It is recommended to take into account that, according to expert estimates, the costs of such pre-project studies (within the framework of innovative projects) can range from 7 to 30% of the total cost of the entire project.
At the same time, insufficient scientific, methodological, organizational and financial support for work at the stage of an advance project for the creation of inclusive technologies can lead to an increase in the risks of inhibiting the development of the inclusive technology segment. In turn, in such a situation, social tension may arise in the field of employment of persons with disabilities.
Express analysis shows that in the period of a new technological order, taking into account the remote form of employment of the population, the following areas of work can be recognized as promising areas for the formation of a segment of inclusive technologies: accounting; investment analysis; security activities; analytical activities; scientific and technical forecasting; strategic planning of company development; journalism; marketing and advertising; business consulting; patent business and others.
The methodology of teaching students the synthesis of inclusive technologies using the method of design thinking may include the following actions:
-study of the student’s design thinking method;
-study of the features of inclusive technologies and their place in the process of social production;
-drawing up a philosophical concept and a substantive description of the new inclusive technology;
-practical application of the design thinking method to synthesize a specific inclusive technology;
-analysis of the social and economic effectiveness of the synthesized new inclusive technology;
-monitoring the process of introducing new technology into practice.
To expand the segment of inclusive technologies, this article proposes a methodology for teaching students the synthesis of inclusive technologies using the design thinking method. This approach will expand the possibilities of synthesizing inclusive technologies in the real economy and will contribute to the expansion of the inclusive labor market.
Resource training and methodological centers at universities can organize training for students and employees of enterprises in the synthesis of inclusive technologies using the design thinking method within the framework of additional education programs.
Conclusion.
The article proposes a methodology for teaching students the synthesis of inclusive technologies using the method of design thinking.
The article describes a methodology for designing inclusive technologies based on Tim Brown’s design thinking method. In addition to the well-known method of T. Brown, in this article the author proposed to form the goal of designing certain objects (inclusive technologies) even before starting work within the framework of this methodology (and not at the third stage – the stage of forming ideas). In addition, the document proposes to take into account the existence of a five-level technological pyramid in the field of inclusive technologies (conceptual, technological, technical systems, operational processes, maintenance processes and personnel training). The article describes the content of the design stages of inclusive technologies using a modified design thinking method. During the discussion, ways to solve fundamental scientific and practical problems related to the formation of an inclusive technology segment were described and considered. It is proved that in order to increase the effectiveness (due to the growth of empathy) of the design thinking method, it may be recommended to include people with disabilities in project teams for the development of such technologies. It can be recommended to continue research in the framework of this article in the following areas: formation of a mechanism for public-private partnership in the development of inclusive technologies; creation of a mechanism for non-commercial venture financing of such projects; development of a methodology (general theory) for designing inclusive technologies; development of system engineering in the field of inclusive technology design, creation of consortia and other organizational forms of innovative design activities in the field of inclusive technology segment development, and much more.
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