Introduction

The potential impacts of aquaculture are varied, ranging from aesthetic aspects to direct pollution problems. Fishing wastewater produces large amounts of pollutants (e.g., nutrients, feed, fecal residues, and associated by-products such as drugs and pesticides) that can have undesirable effects on the environment [1, p. 1; 2, p. 2;]. consequences for wild populations, such as genetic disorders [3, p. 1; 4, p. 4], disease transmission by escapees or ingestion of contaminated waste [5, p. 3], and impacts on the ecosystem as a whole. In the “Berket Galiun” project pays special attention to the conditions in Egypt and important principles of environmental impact analysis such as nutrient-related environmental impact variables including: chlorophyll, benthic fauna index, fish index, oxygen concentration, etc. It is obvious that on concentration nutrients can be affected by emissions from many types of sources, such as point sources. Perhaps the most notable problem facing coastal aquaculture is the problem of eutrophication , which is a gradual increase in certain concentrations such as phosphorus and nitrogen, and is that we will discuss in detail in this study as it is one of the most important issues. It is connected to both the Nile River and the Mediterranean Sea, which are the two main sources for the “Berket Galiun” project. Water Eutrophication can have both positive and negative consequences. A positive effect is, for example, an increase in fish catch. Negative consequences include a decrease in catches of certain fish species and changes in fish communities [6, p. 1; 7, p. 2; 8, p. 3], as well as changes in the structure and composition of other key fish species.

Using the right environmental standards, indicators and methods for monitoring, controlling and predicting risks allow an appropriate assessment of the maximum permissible limit of fish production in a given coastal zone, which ultimately serves the interests of continuous improvement of aquaculture performance and its ability to reduce impacts on natural resources. Hence the importance of expanding the concept of environmental monitoring of aquaculture areas and the scientific principles on which it is based. Gesamp et al, 1996 proposes a working definition of monitoring as “the routine collection, usually in accordance with regulatory requirements, of biological, chemical or physical data from predetermined locations to quantify and evaluate environmental changes associated with aquaculture wastes. An important principle underlying environmental monitoring in aquaculture is sampling design, replication and control.

1. History of the development of aquatic organisms in Egypt and its significance

Egypt is the eighth largest aquaculture producer in the world by quantity and the largest in Africa [9, p. 3], accounting for 73.8 percent of African aquaculture by volume and 64.2 percent by value. It employs more than 200,000 workers supporting at least a million families. Aquaculture catches have helped raise per capita consumption from 8.5 kg to almost the FAO international average of about 20 kg in 2014. Egypt produced 13.8 percent of the world’s farmed tilapia. Accordingly, this is reflected in the total national income coming from the aquaculture industry.

This rapid growth is due to the transition from extensive to semi-intensive aquaculture to intensive aquaculture systems [10, p. 1]. This has also been facilitated by the introduction of new aquaculture feed technologies (e.g. extruded feed), the use of advanced farm management practices [11, p. 2] and government prioritization of aquaculture sector development [12, p. 2]. Thus, the aquaculture industry in Egypt continued to develop until 2017, when the first and largest fish farming project, the “Berket Galiun” project, was created on its lands (research problem).

1.1 The “Berket Galiun” project

A fish farming project that has become the largest marine fish farm in the Middle East. There is 18 acre hatchery area. There are fish, shrimp and feed processing plants costing £1.7 billion. The “Berket Galiun” fish farming project began in 2014 under the leadership of the “National Company for Fish Farming and Aquaculture”, which is part of the Armed Forces. The project is the first to use modern and advanced technologies in fish farming [13, p. 2]. Components and capacities of the “Berkat Galiun” aquaculture complex [14, p. 3] (Table 1).

Table 1 Components and capacities of the Birkat Galiun aquaculture complex

Results

Characteristics of the impact of the facility’s activities on the environment and management of the environmental protection organization. Environmental issues associated with the aquaculture sector in the “Berket Galiun” project mainly include the following:

• Threats to biodiversity
• Pollution of water systems in the project
• Exposure to hazardous materials

To prevent and reduce potential environmental impacts resulting from the construction and operation of the “Berket Galiun” farms, a number of management measures can be taken as described below:

• Avoid the reasons for repeated closure and replacement of aquaculture ponds in a pond project;
• Periodic assessment of the level of acidity of the soil in the project and the presence of pesticides and pollutants in it, as well as assessment of the presence of pyrite in natural conditions.

Management measures aimed at reducing the risk of introduction of introduced, selectively bred or genetically modified species include:

• Installation of filter dams to prevent the passage of escaping fish;
• Installation and maintenance of filtration systems, which, if necessary, use gravel in pond drainage systems;
• Taking into account the hydrological features of the territory to retain water on it and prevent the release of species during periods of flooding;
• Conduct periodic inspection of cages and barn nets for defects;
• Develop a contingency plan for collecting farmed species when they escape from the farm.

Fish farming can also make a significant contribution to marine pollution, in the “Berket Galiun” project as in the following:

1. Soil erosion and sedimentation: Recommended coping strategies include the following:

• Install edges to prevent corrosion;
• Reduction of excavation work and disturbance of sulphurous soil during construction work.

2. Draining used water : In pond systems a number of measures can be taken to achieve:

• Reduce the amount of contaminants present in liquid waste;
• Prevent liquid waste from ponds from entering surrounding water bodies;
• Treatment of liquid waste before discharge into water bodies to reduce pollution levels.

The latrines of aquaculture operations in the “Berket Galiun” project are open to the environment and do not provide a second or third option, so any contaminants that arise have an immediate impact. The following management measures can help prevent wastewater pollution:

• Make sure there are no “fine particles” in the pelleted food;
• Selection of the size of food pellets depending on the age stage of the species;
• Periodic monitoring of feed digestion to determine the rate of feed intake and feed is stored in cool, dry places, preferably without vitamins;
• Conducting slaughter and processing in areas where liquid waste is easily retained;
• Prevent wastewater leakage from rafts and harvest bins;
• Equip unloading areas with a watertight yard and surround them with barrier fencing to contain potential spills and prevent contamination from liquid waste.

Occupational Health and Safety

Health and safety risks associated with day-to-day activities in the aquaculture sector are categorized as follows:

• Physical risks;
• Exposure to chemicals;
• Exposure to waterborne diseases.

Measures that can be taken to reduce the risk include:

• Insulate all electrical installations so they are watertight;
• Be sure to use fuses and proper grounding;
• Make sure all people have swimming experience;
• Training of personnel on maritime safety.

Requiring Galiun Pond Project workers to wear no access/mark entry procedures.

2. Exposure to chemicals

During tube pond aquaculture operations , a variety of chemicals may be used to treat and/or control pathogens or to facilitate production. Fertilizers are generally considered caustic and should be handled with caution. General EHS guidelines include recommended recommendations for managing occupational exposure to chemicals [15, p. 4].

3. Potential transmission of waterborne diseases must be addressed through an occupational health and safety program, including specific additional health screenings of workers and the implementation of preventive measures.

CONCLUSION

Activities of the “Berket Galiun” project in Egypt is characterized by environmental impacts such as resource consumption, air emissions, wastewater, hazardous materials handling, waste disposal, noise and pesticide use. The introduction of recommended environmental protection measures into the organization’s activities will reduce the negative impact on the environment.

Activities of the “Berket Galiun” project in Egypt is characterized by impacts on the health and safety of residents, such as noise, physical hazards, and biological and chemical hazards. The introduction of recommended healthcare management measures into the organization’s activities will reduce the negative impact on the health and safety of the population.

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14. Will the New Large-Scale Aquaculture Projects Make Egypt Self Sufficient In Fish Supplies Izzat Feidi1, Received: 12 December 2017 | Accepted: 17 January 2018
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