View this article in RussianThere are many historical figures whose names are mentioned in Magtymguly’s works. Most of them are great personalities who are famous among the peoples of the world. They are people who are known for their intelligence, wisdom, wisdom, keen talent and ability, for their heroism and valor, or for the indelible mark they have left on human history. Of course, he should do great things to leave an indelible mark in the history of the world. Then, in order to be spoken by such a great person as Magtymguly, he must complete such great services. It is not easy to take a place in the poetry of this great master of words, who prioritizes the interests of the nation, and the country.
It is worth noting that the poet’s work contains things that talk about his contemporaries. These poetic reflections of his contemporary historical figures have greater ideological-artistic value and socio-historical significance. With these poetic reflections on his contemporaries, the poet directs his poetry to raise the important issues of his time to the nation.
Magtymguly’s poems dedicated to the historical events of his time and the heroism of historical figures are an artistic truth based on life conflicts of the 18th century. His poetry of such historical events, heroic battles and the artistic image of the personalities who came forward in connection with those events is a testimony that he cannot live apart from the reality of his time. Modernity and historicity in poems such as “Arşy aglaýa”, “Aly siziňdir”, “Döwletalynyň”, “Geçdi diýdiler” attract attention. The poem “Arşy aglaýa” dedicated to King Ahmet is a poetic monument that convincingly shows the truth at a certain moment in history. As can be seen from this poem, King Ahmet, who is the critic of the hero of the poem, and who is presented by the poet as a symbol of independence, is a historical figure who carries the dreams and goals of his time, his people in his heart.
Ýa, Ahmet şa, ýerde ýaýylyp çawuň,
Ady asman gider arşy aglaýa.
Gelen nökeriňdir, gelmeýen awuň,
Beýiklik zinesin kyl paýa-paýa [2, p. 18].
This poem mentions King Ahmet, who ascended the throne in the Afghan country during the time of Magtymguly. The Poet sees King Ahmet, who fought for the independence of the Afghan people, as a model for the realization of the Turkmen’s dreams of becoming a unified state and a just king. That’s why the poet imagines King Ahmet among the heroes whose name remains on the throne, “Tokaýlaryň şiri”, “Rumystanyň beýnisi”, who has the sharpness and courage of Rustem, the son of Zal. Of course, here the poet paints the image of King Ahmet in a good way. Because the poet is guided by a specific artistic goal, he decorates it with such exaggerated and truly extravagant scenes. The goal is to promote King Ahmet’s role as a model in the struggle for independence, to set the king of another country as an example for the nobles of his time. Because for the poet living in a country without a unified state and a just king, King Ahmet’s creation of an independent, unified Afghan state was an unattainable dream for 18th century Turkmen life. It is for this reason that the poet brings forward the idealized image of King Ahmet.
Magtymguly’s concern for the welfare of the nation and his dreams for a good life are clearly expressed in his artistic poem. In the poet’s work, we can see that some of his contemporaries who worked hard to improve people’s lives were referred to as models.
In Magtymguly’s poem “Çowdur han üçin”, we observe the continuation of the issue raised in the poem “Arşy aglaýa”. In this poem of the poet, there is an artistic description of his contemporary Chowdur Khan’s unsuccessful trip to Afghanistan – to the presence of King Ahmet. There is historical information that the Turkmen people connected their dreams of unity, independence, statehood, and justice with the name of King Ahmet. That’s why this poem, which was adopted by Chowdur Khan, occupies an important place in Magtymguly’s poetry. Chowdur Khan’s unsuccessful visit to King Ahmet led to the disappointment of Turkmen’s hopes for an independent state without a specific leader. In the poem, the grief of the people is expressed very effectively in harmony with the grief of the hero of the poem.
Ahmet patyşadan habar almaga,
Umyt etdi iller Çowdur han üçin.
Sag-salamat baryp, gaýdyp gelmäge,
Oňmady ykballar Çowdur han üçin.
Baglar doňup galdy ýagyşlar görmän,
Bulut bewl saldy, bu derde arman,
Zemin zaýa boldy, pelekler perman,
Jennet boldy çöller Çowdur han üçin.
Yzyňda boldular il intizaryň,
Umyt bilen gezdi Annahal ýaryň,
Atanazar boldy çekerge zaryň,
Gözleý-gözleý ýollar Çowdur han üçin [2, p. 19].
According to the poem, his comrades found out that Chowdur Khan and his group of Turkmen soldiers, who had gone to get news from Ahmet Shah, had perished on the way. In this tragic poetic conversation about Chowdur Khan, “Oňmadyk ykbal”, “Kaza gahra mündi”, “Ýezdde, Kermanda dolan kazanyň kysmatdygy”, “Jaýyň jennetdir”, “Hak rehmet etsin!” special attention is paid to moments such as prayer is a testimony to this.
Therefore, hearing about the fate of Chovdur Khan, who had traveled a long way to protect the interests of the Turkmen people, mourned for days. In the poem, the day’s mourning for Chowdur Khan is revealed with all its tragedy and bitter sorrow. This is made more clear by following the sad feelings of the poet through the poetic painting, which combines the gardens, mountains, rivers, clouds, rain, springs, stones, sorrow and tears in the poem. can be delivered. The truth of this tragic content is the truth of the time, the sadness of the time. The modernity of the poem is the unique feature of the transfer of historical reality to artistic reality.
Magtymguly is a poet who lived with the concern of the people. The time he lived in was the period when the Turkmens, who did not have a clear leader, were left without a unified state. The main problem of that time is also related to the need for a just leader who can lead the people back. It is clear that Chowdur Khan, Ovezgeldi, Devletali, their brothers Abdilla and Mammatsapa, who are mentioned in the poet’s obituaries, were commanders who died for the benefit of the people. Magtymguly saw in the image of these heroes who sacrificed his head for his ideal people, the country – chieftains who could become the leader of the people. Literary scholar Sh. Gandymov writes: “Çünki Çowduryň hanlygy köp derejede Magtymgulynyň han hakdaky idealyna çapraz gelip durmandyr. Onuň hanlygy Watanyň, il-günüň bähbitlerini goldanýan serkerdelik bilen utgaşypdyr. Ol eýýäm gökleň, ýomut taýpalaryny öz agzyna garadanlygy bilen, olaryň birligini gazananlygy bilen, ýurduň içerki gatnaşyklarynda käbir özgerişlikler döredip bilenligi bilen uly hormatdan peýdalanan serkerdeleriň biri” [1, p. 90].
Therefore, this is how Magtymguly saw the image of the leader Chowdur Khan in his dream.
Barsa, paýy belli soltanda, handa,
Ili bilmeý galdy armany janda,
Kazadyr, kysmatdyr Ýezdde, Kermanda,
Meger tartdy ganlar Çowdur han üçin [2, p. 19].
The poet also sees the qualities of command and royalty in the character of Dovletali:
Sansyz ile serkerdedir, soltandyr,
Jeň ýerinde jellat, belki, arslandyr,
Menzili meshitdir, ferşi diwandyr,
Gijesi, gündizi Döwletalynyň [2, p. 23].
Magtymguly shares his opinion about Ovezgeldi:
Magtymguly, Türküstanyň töresi,
Bir goçakdyr – söýünhanyň seresi,
Ýygyn görki, ýow gününiň öresi,
Uşbu gara ýeri guçdy diýdiler [2, p. 22].
In these poems, Magtymguly praises the khans, chieftains, chiefs, especially for their khanship and sultanate dignity, courage, bravery, heroism, and patriotism. To the poet’s contemporaries, one of the main tasks was to protect the country, the Motherland, from external enemies, because the country and the people were suffering from statelessness. Therefore, the poet saw in the image of these facts the main qualities needed for a leader – the qualities of a leader who treats the people as a member. They may not have had such ideal commanding qualities in real life as the poet exemplifies. However, in Magtymguly’s poems, he is imagined as an ideal commander. Perhaps, the poet wanted to see the image, character of such a leader in Chowdur Khan, Dovletali, and Ovezgeldi. Because these khans and chieftains are praised by the pen of Magtymguly, a dreamer. In fact, it should not be overlooked that these historical figures were based on the style of poetic thinking and expression of the time, and that they were written on the ideal-painting standards of dreamy, imaginative, romantic poetry and require such a necessity in their meaning.
In the lines filled with deep sadness and grief, not only personal family anger, but the tragic state of the country is revealed. Because there are many other Turkmen facts besides Abdullah and Mammetsapa. Moreover, the work they have sacrificed their lives to complete is a valuable work for the country. Therefore, the grief associated with these is not only the grief of the family, but also the bitter reality of the whole country. In the poem, it can be clearly seen from the feelings of the hero of the poem “Göçi-gony bilen gidendigi”, who is deeply saddened by the fact that Abdullah and Mammetsapa did not return. The bitter truth about the death of the poet’s brothers is a heavy hardship. That’s why he can’t get out of his thoughts and feelings of this heavy sorrow, but these feelings of the hero of the poem are echoed as the tears of the day and night.
Göçi-gony bilen gitdi Abdylla,
Hemme giden geldi, bular gelmedi,
Mämmetsapa gitdi kömek bermäge,
Uzadanlar geldi, bular gelmedi.
Enesinden aýry ýatmaz oglanlar,
Ýa, Reb, gören barmy bulardan, iller,
Aýlanyban aýlar, dolanyp ýyllar,
Aýlar, ýyllar geldi, bular gelmedi [2, p. 44].
Magtymguly erected a large monument to his wise grandfather, the perfect master Doveletmammet Azadi, by making a poetic image of him. The poet respects his father very much. Because he reaches the depths of perfection by following the footsteps of his father Azadi. He also learns from his father to talk about the country with love. By following his father’s example of poetry, science, and life, he realizes the need to learn the truths that have become his problem.
In the poet’s poems about his father (“Atamyň”, “Oglum – Azadym”, “Haky çün”) Dovletmammet Azadi is presented not only as a father, but also as his teacher and mentor in every work. The poet proudly states that he respects him as a perfect human being. Magtymguly considers respect for a perfect man like his father, a master teacher, to be the cornerstone of good manners.
Magtymguly, gizlin syryň bar içde,
Kämil tapsaň, kyl gullugyn serişde,
Magşar gün gaýgysyz girer behişde, –
Her kim çyndan bolsa dosty atamyň [2, p. 32].
As it can be seen from this poem, Doveletmammet Azadi is a person who firmly adheres to the path of the Righteousness, who seeks the interests of the people, who is proud of himself with his good deeds and good advice, and who is an example. That’s why the poet has such great respect for his father. The poet learns from his master how to love the day, to mourn the pain, to think about the era, about the strong state, about the Motherland, to think, and even to dream.
References
- Gandymow Ş. Poeziýamyzyň pälwany. – Aşgabat, “Ylym”, 1984.
- Magtymguly. Goşgular. – Aşgabat, TDNG, 2010.