The tenses of the Turkmen language have been thoroughly studied by B. Charyarov in the work entitled “Tenses in Southwest Turkic Languages” (Ashgabat, 1969) in a comparative way with other Oghuz (Turkish, Azerbaijani, Gagauz) languages. In the same way, the use of the past tense in the modern Turkmen language and its written records is published by O. Allanazarov in “Past tense in modern literature” (Ashgabat, 1975), “Past tense forms in the written records of the Turkmen language” by E. Gajarova. (Ashgabat, 1990).

This problem was also studied in the work of M.H. Khydyrov ” К вопросу о происхождении форманта глагола прошедшего времени на –ды – ди в тюркских языках”.

“The past tense of the verb in the Turkmen language is expressed with the help of various affixes. Those affixes differ not only in form, but also in their meaning. Past tense forms are mainly used in the following ways: past definite tense ( -dy-di; -du-du), past continuous tense (-yardy-yardi), past tense for intention (-jakdy-jekdi), past indefinite tense (-ardy-erdi), past perfect tense (-ypdy-ipdi; -updy-updu), subjective past tense (-ypdyr-ipdir; -updur-ipdir)”

Several works have been done on the study of verb tenses in modern Persian, especially the past tense. The works of scholars who have specifically studied the Persian language are rare. Despite this, works such as “Grammar of the Persian Language” written by Ahmadi Hasan, Enveri Hasan Dağlar (Vol. I, Tehran, 1363 H.H.), “Grammar of the Persian Language” by Parviz Natal Khan (Tehran, 1355 H.H.) provides information about tense forms.

Investigating the meaning of the past tense of the verb in the Turkmen and Persian languages is one of the necessary conditions to consider in the translation of literary works in these languages. Because in one of these languages, it becomes possible to determine the period in which the event, or news is being described, and to convey it to the reader and listener without changing the time. Such a situation requires a person who reads or writes to use the grammar of the Turkmen and Persian languages, in particular, their tenses, their ways and means of interpretation, and use them correctly. But it should be noted that these conditions are not always maintained by the translator. For example, in Persian   آب از سرش گذشته”Suw seňrikden agypdyr” idioms is used. The message of the sentence is conveyed in the proverbial form, which is a means of expressing the past tense. This expression is translated into the Turkmen language as “Suw seňrikden agdy”. Then the message of the sentence is presented in the subjective past tense. Often, this expression is used as a part of a compound sentence in the Turkmen language, such as ” Suw seňrikden agansoň…” and is expressed through the past tense of the verb.

The commonalities and distinctive features of the Turkmen phrases and the Persian languages in terms of meaning depend on the following situations:

1) translation skills;

2) sentence structure and meaning;

3) having no same identity of the verbs;

4) a complex concept depends on the sequence of events.

Taking into consider of these conditions in the learning process, methodology, translation work facilitates language learning and translation work, helps to take into account the peculiarities of the grammatical structure of two languages, and to use them correctly.

The semantic core of a verb in Arabic is a root consisting of consonants (usually three, sometimes four or more). All derivative forms of the verb are formed from the original root with additional letters and their combinations, interacting with the root according to certain patterns[2, p. 48]. For example, the root ك ت ب can be conjugated as أَكْتُبُ ‘I write’, تَكْتُبُونَ ‘you write’, كُتِبَ ‘it was written’, etc.

Groups of verbs with similar conjugation patterns are known as breeds (الأوزان awzan in Arabic). For example, Arabic type I includes verbs that are conjugated as ضَرَبَ, دَرَسَ, كَتَبَ, while verbs included in type III are conjugated as follows[2, p. 50]: عَامَلَ, سَافَرَ, كَاتَ بَ. Sometimes verb forms express one aspect of the verb’s meaning; for example, breed II is often used for causation (for example, دَرَّسَ ‘to teach’, وَقَّفَ ‘to interrupt’), and breed VII is often used for reflexive verbs (for example, تَكَاتَبَ ‘to correspond’, تَفَارَقَ ‘to break up’ ). There are fifteen types of verbs in Arabic, but only the first ten are widely used.

Within each breed, verbs can be conjugated differently depending on the presence of certain consonants in their roots. There are some differences in the conjugation of roots containing the consonants ي، و، ء (for example, the verb قَالَ ‘to say’ with the root ق و ل), roots ending in a double consonant (for example, حَبَّ ‘to love’ with the root ح ب ب), and roots containing four or more consonants (for example, تَرْجَمَ ‘to translate’ with the root ت ر ج م). In Reverso Conjugation, verbs that are conjugated in a similar way are grouped into verb patterns[3, p. 58]. For example, in Breed I, the verbs رَاحَ, مَاتَ, دَارَ, قَالَ belong to the same conjugation pattern because they are conjugated using the same pattern, they all have a middle consonant و in the root.

Arabic verbs are conjugated in two tenses: past (or perfect) and present (or imperfect), for example قَرَأَ ‘he read’, يَقْرَأُ ‘he reads’. The future tense is formed by adding the prefix سَـ ‏‎(sa) or the word سوف (sawfa) before the present tense forms; for example, سيقرأ or سوف يقرأ ‘he will read’.

There is no infinitive in Arabic (as in Russian – ‘to see’, English – ‘to see’, French – ‘voir’, Hebrew – לראות). Instead, the 3rd person masculine past tense form of the verb should be used as the basic (dictionary) form of the verb, since this is the simplest form of the verb in Arabic[2, p. 62]. For example, the form قَرَأَ ‘he read’ will be shown as the base form of the verb “to read” in Reverso Conjugation.

Verbs in Arabic take the imperative form to express orders and requests. For example, اِقْرَأْ ‘read! (m.r., singular)’ Negation in the imperative is formed using the particle لا + jussive, for example لَا تَقْرَأْ ‘don’t read! (m.r., singular)’

In addition to the indicative (past and present) and imperative moods, Arabic verbs can be conjugated in the subjunctive mood and in the jussive (the mood of the verb expressing an indirect form of motivation) [4, p. 45]. Semantically, the subjunctive mood is used when the verb is used in the context of intention, purpose, expectation, permission, possibility or necessity. Syntactically, verbs in the subjunctive mood occur after certain particles and the subordinating conjunction أَن (an), for example, تُرِيدُ أَنْ تَقْرَأَ ‘you want to read’. It is also used to form the negative form of the future tense after the particle لَنْ, for example, لَنْ تَقْرَأَ ‘you will not read’.

Jussive verbs occur in four main contexts[4, p. 74]:

• After the negative particle lam لم to form a negative form, for example, لَمْ تَقْرَأْ ‘didn’t read’.
• After the imperative prefix lām (لام) for prohibitions, requests not to do something.
• As a prohibition (negative imperative) with the particle lā (لا).
• In conditional sentences after some particles such as إنْ ‘if’ and إِذَا ‘if’.