A word is repeated several times in a sentence or line. For example, Magtymguly says in the poem ” Jana-janlar andadyr”: ” Türpe begler, türpe hanlar, türpe iller andadyr”, here the word “türpe” are repeated three times in one line. This type of event is a reasonable and of specific use.

If in the text several sentences and ideas that are close to each other in meaning appear side by side, it is called syntactic parallelism. In Magtymguly’s work, syntactic parallelism is actively used as a form of stylistic genres. For example, the poet in his poem ” Ölmezden burun” advises that a person should be content and alert in the world and uses such parallelism:

Saglygyň gadryny bilgin, hasta bolmasdan burun,

Hastalyk şükrüni kylgyn, täki ölmesden burun,

Düz ýeriň gadryny bilgin, derýaga dolmasdan burun,

Gämide hüşgär otur, girdaba gelmesden burun,

Ýaşlygyň gadryny bilgin, tä ulalmasdan burun [4, p. 269].

This is an example of widespread syntactic parallelism. According to Magtymguly Pyragy, one should appreciate health before death, just as one appreciates a plain by the river. In order not to sink in the river, one must appreciate sickness as one appreciates death; Before you grow old, you should be happy in your youth.

As the poet says in the poem ” Buluda gardy meni”:

Yşk ýüregimde gaýnap, ýandyrdy derdi meni,

Tütünim bada berip, buluda gardy meni,

Pelek bilegim towlap, çarhyna sardy meni,

Hyrydar gözi birle kim gelip gördi meni,

Hijran ýagmyry ýagyp, gam sile berdi meni [4, p. 55].

Magtymguly’s poem ” At ýanynda bellidir” is composed entirely on the basis of syntactic parallelism. The idea behind it is to be able to analyze animal-human behaviour separately from each other, to make a clear, individual evaluation of each one in its own right. In the same way, the poet fights against arrogance and self-esteem. Magtymguly:

Eşek özün egsik saýmaz bedewden,

Gymmat etseň at ýanynda bellidir [4, p. 25] –

– so, if he compares a donkey and a horse, then he also distinguishes horses one by one:

Bedew diýgeç, hemme bedew deň bolmaz,

Çyn bedewler meýdanynda bellidir [4, p. 25].

Another form of repetition – anaphora – is also used in the poet’s works. Anaphora repeats the same syllable at the beginning of each line. Magtymguly Pyragy used anaphora in many places. For example, in his poem ” Ili gözlär”:

Kim nan tapmaz iýmäge,

Kim ýer tapmaz goýmaga,

Kim don tapmaz geýmäge,

Kim tirme-şaly gözlär [3, p. 179] –

– The word ” kim” used in each line of the clause is an anaphora. This stylistic device is found in other poems of Magtymguly Pyragy. For example, in the poem ” Begler, şalar galmazlar”, the poet describes the world’s living creatures will eventually disappear, and he repeatedly uses the same language:

Ne ýer galar, ne ýurtlar,

Ne türk galar, ne kürtler,

Ne guş galar, ne gurtlar,

Perrendeler galmazlar [3, p. 179] .

Almost every line of the poem ” Sataşdym” uses ne harmoniously:

Ne tende kuwwat bar, ne içde jan bar,

Bu işde ne sud bar, bilmen zyýan bar,

Ne hasap, ne hesip, ne belli san bar,

Kişi bilmez, ne söwdaýa sataşdym [4, p. 57].

Examples of this can be found in the poem ” Bile myhmandyr”:

Kimseler hak diýer, kimse saz bile,

Kimse humar bile, kimse baz bile… [4, p. 63].

Epiphora, another form of repetition, is also used in the poet’s poems. In the poem ” Näme sen” by Magtymguly, the epiphora is created by the word “sen”:

Altynmy sen, kümüşmi sen, zermi sen?

Ýa arşmy sen, ýa kürsmi sen, ýermi sen?

Ýa ýakutmyň, ýa merjenmiň, dürmi sen?

Ýa çyragmyň,  ýa röwşenmiň, näme sen? [4, p. 15]

In his work, Magtymguly also uses antithesis – an stylistic device composed of words that are opposite to each other in terms of meaning. This stylistic device is expertly used as a form of expression:

Ýagşylyk tamasyn etmäň

Ýamanlyk çykmaýan ärden [3, p. 179].

In this line, the word good and the word evil are words that are opposite in meaning and an stylistic device of antithesis is created through them. The words  tiken – gül, ýigit – goja, patyşa – gul, baý – pakyr, appearing in the poet’s poem ” Geçip baradyr” are also antitheses:

Magtymguly aýdar, tiken ýok, gül ýok,

Ne ýigit, ne goja, patyşa, gul ýok,

Ýalançy dünýäde baý ýok, pakyr ýok –

Barçasy ýer goýnun guçup baradyr [3, p. 179].

Magtymguly Pyragy frequently used the stylistic device of antithesis. The poet enhances the effectiveness of the thought by comparing the good and the bad, the brave and the coward, the right and the sick, the bitter and the sweet, the good and the bad, the rich and the poor, the old and the young, the halal and the haraam, the head and the foot. Let us look through the following lines from the poem “Bilinmez”:

Halal kaýsy, haram kaýsy – saýlan ýok,

Sud kaýsydyr, zyýan kaýsy bilinmez [3, p. 180].

In the poem “Geçip baradyr,” he contrasts wealth and poverty:

Kimseler beglikde düşmez eýwandan,

Kimler ýoksullykda käýiner jandan… [3, p. 180].

In another poem, Magtymguly Pyragy contrasts bravery with cowardice. The poet includes the rich who own property among the poor, and the destitute poor people among the poor:

Köp namarda mal berip sen, sen, dünýä!

Gözi gökde, gaýgysy ýok, ser gider;

Kany aklyň? Oda düşüp ýan, dünýä!

Ne mertler bar, ýoksullykda har gider [3, p. 183].

In the poem “Ädejek sen”:

Halal, haram, her ne tapsaň,

Gözüň ýumup ýuwdajak sen [3, p. 278].

In the poem ” Joş gelse “:

Dostuňy egleme, nepden galmasyn,

Duşmanyň saklama, syryň bilmesin,

Açda algyň, bege bergiň bolmasyn,

Iş müşgildir, aňlamaza duş gelse [1, p. 18].

Magtymguly Pyragy also skillfully uses the stylistic device of gradation. The following gradation is used in the poem ” Andadyr”:

Awy-zäher, şähdi-şeker, türpe ballar andadyr,

Ol ýowuz magşar, musallat, galmagallar andadyr,

Çün ýowuz ahy nedamat, kyly-kallar andadyr… [3, p. 180].

According to the law of gradation, the description of an object grows and expands:

Kimse bir ýyl, kimse ýüz ýyl, kimse müň ýylda geçer,

Beýik daglar, uzak ýollar, suwsuz çöller andadyr.

Magtymguly in the poem ” Pygan eglenmez”:

Dünýäde müň tanap baglaryň bolsa,

At, ýarag, esbaby-şaýlaryň bolsa,

Arja-arja doly mallaryň bolsa,

Paýany ýok, taşlap-taşlap gider sen [3, p. 181] –

In inversion, the order in which the clauses appear in a sentence changes. Inversion is common in Magtymguly Pyragy’s work. In the poem ” Galandar bile”:

Üç ýüz elli alty ýyl älemi gezseň,

Pilkus ogly şahy-Isgender bile [3, p. 181] –

– The lines are examples of inversion. When forming a sentence, the subject should come before the predicate, and if the possessive, the message. The phrase should be in the usual form: ” Pilkus ogly Isgender patyşa bilen älemi üç ýüz elli alty ýyl gezseň.”

An example from the poem ” Gidiji bolma”:

Mert ogludyr, ile ýazar desterhan,

Dogry söz üstünde berer şirin jan,

Ömrüni ötgürer, diýmez bir ýalan,

Jäht eýläp, ýalan söz aýdyjy bolma  [4, p. 96].

In general, the skillful use of stylistic devices in Magtymguly Pyragy’s work deepened the meaning of the poems and had an effect on the high stylistic quality of his poems.

A significant part of Magtymguly’s multifaceted rich poetry belongs to women and girls. The poet’s works on this topic can be divided into two groups:

• works on women in general;
• works related with Mengli.

In those works, the importance of woman eye becomes more effective through the various stylistic devices used by the thinker.

It is not an easy task to analyze each of the stylistic devices used in Wise Pyragy’s poems and to fully reveal their meaning. Because they contain a deep philosophical meaning, pure feelings, desires and dreams, which flow from the soul and soul of the poet.

Within the framework of our article, we analyze stylistic devices such as metaphor, tautology, synecdoche, allegory, hyperbola, litotes, homonym, antonyms, synonyms, epiphora, antithesis, anaphora, ellipsis, parallelism skillfully used in the poems.

Individual metaphors. These types of metaphors are metaphors that are not yet fully integrated into the common language, and are related to the language characteristics of a certain writer or poet. For example:

Gün hanjary gökden ýere inende,

Güne garşy dogan Aýy gözel sen.

Tautology increases the effectiveness of the content in the poet’s work, gives a stylistic accent to the speech. For example:

Şirin-şirin salar hasaba dünýä,

Ajy-ajy goýar azaba dünýä…

Synecdoche is also used skillfully by the poet. For example:

Aňlamaý sözleme, tamda gulak bar.

Allegory. In allegory, the literal meaning of the description is not lost, but it is filled with a metaphorical meaning, that is, the description of life events is interpreted in a different way using figurative meanings. Also, through the image of animals and insects, courage and bravery are shown. Sometimes they also represent reprehensible characters. For example:

Mertler gezer boldy, namarda bagly,

Şirleriň tilkiden ýüregi dagly.

Möwlam özi diwan üçin otursa,

Peşe turup, dawa kylar pil bilen.

Hyperbola is a stylistic device that means a figurative exaggeration. The hyperbola was masterfully used in the works of Magtymguly Pyragy. For example:

Tartsa ýygyn, erär topraklar, daşlar.

Ýigrimi ýaşynda äriň ne gamy,

Ýykar dagy, daşy ereder demi.

Litotes. It is a stylistic device, as opposed to a hyperbole, which is used to denote measure, power, etc. means that its meaning is somewhat reduced. For example:

Mubaryzlar tutabilmez özüni,

Pil hem durar baglasalar gyl bile.

Omonimler. The modern Turkmen language is rich in lexemes that are similar in sound structure but have different meanings. For example:

At gazanan goç ýigidiň

Owwal bedew aty gerek.

Antonyms are found in all styles of language, but they are most commonly used in poem and journalistic styles, and are particularly important in making language effective, expressive, and lively.

In general, antonyms are an important linguistic tool in expressing ideas in contrasts with different colors, effectively, and figuratively. That is why they are widely used by creative people. For example:

Zemin tilär asmanda, asman tilär zeminde,

Biri-birine gümanda, güman senden bihabar.

Synonyms. Words (synonyms) with the same or similar meaning, differing in sound structure, are of three types according to their lexical-stylistic properties: stylistic, ideographic and contextual synonyms. Contextual synonyms are stylistic synonyms that derive from their use in poem. For example:

Hiç bir masgaralyk mundan ötermi,

Giden gury gitse, gelen boş gelse.

Epiphora is the repetition of rhythmic syllables, words, expressions after lines of poetry, phrases, or parts of sentences. Epiphora serves to enhance effectiveness in poem. For example:

Tenim dertli kylma, özümi gallaç,

Köňlüm giň et, goýma aju–ýalaňaç,

Zalyma duş etme, namarda mätäç,

Gam mende goýma, ýa, Züljelalym!

Antithesis is the juxtaposition of opposing ideas by the speaker to increase the effectiveness of the speech. For example:

Süýji günler köp hem bolsa az görner,

Ajy günler az hem bolsa, ötmez hiç.

Anaphora. The repetition of the same words or phrases at the beginning of parallel sentences is called anaphora. In poetry, anaphora performs a stylistic service. For example:

Adam bardyr, ony şalar çagyrdar,

Adam bar zulm edip garyp agyrdar,

Adam bar per düşek ýanyn agyrdar,

Adam bar ak kiz dyzyna degmez¹.

Kimlerde altyn täçdir,

Kimler saýyl mätäçdir,

Kimler düýpden gallaçdyr,

Kim parça haly gözlär.

Ellipsis. The omission of any part of a sentence is called ellipsis. The use of ellipsis gives the speech a lively tone of speech, an artistic effect of expression. For example:

Bege – berim (ýagşy), şaha adalat ýagşy.

Parallelism is the similarity of the syntactic structure of sentences or parts of sentences that stand next to each other. For example:

Agyrdyr heňňamlar, uzakdyr ýollar,

Soraşsa ýigitler, sözleşse tiller.

Dostuňy egleme, nepden galmasyn,

Duşmanyň saklama, syryň bilmesin.

When you analyze the work of the great poet stylistically, you will see once again that the works of master Pyragy are of inestimable value, that the words in each line of his poems are artistic, meaningful, thoughtful, rich in national content, and inspire humanistic ideas.