2. Comets and substance of the Tunguska body
Let’s pay attention to intensive investigation of comets with the help of space missions. Results of this activity gave us a lot of new information about different comets. Close investigation of several comets was carried out during last decades. For example, Halley comet [Sagdeev et al., 1986, 1988], [Keller et al., 1986] and Tempel 1 comet [A’Hearn et al., 2005] should be mentioned. Also “Deep Impact” spacecraft investigated 103P/Hartley 2 comet. Earth ocean-like water in 103P/Hartley 2 comet was noted [Hartogh, P. et al., 2011]. Organics was found in comet 81P/Wild 2 due to “Stardust” mission and caution must be taken in interpreting measurements of organics in “Stardust” samples [Sandford and Brownlee, 2007]. Some important parameters of Tunguska comet were determined during mathematical quasi three-dimensional modeling, including water ice as main substance of mass of the comet [Zlobin, 2007]. There is good correspondence between results of this mathematical modeling and data of missions. For example, the form of Tunguska comet [Zlobin, 2007] is considerably similar to the form of 103P/Hartley 2 comet. Water ice is mentioned in most of cases as considerable component of comet’s nucleus. The density of Tunguska comet was obtained during mathematical modeling as 0.6 g/cm³ and this value is in good correspondence to Halley comet etc. If to assume compound structure of the Tunguska comet’s nucleus, then seems possible to discuss presence of stony bodies into the comet’s ice. After destruction of comet’s nucleus in atmosphere of the Earth this bodies was able to fall on the ground as meteorites. In particular, D.F.Anfinogenov and L.I.Budaeva are not excludes possibility of discovering of large fragments of Tunguska cosmic body [Vasilyev, 2004]. As illustration of this opinion, in 1988 three probable Tunguska meteorites were already found at the bottom of Khushmo River’s shoal (Fig. 1). Cautious investigation continues of these stones with the help of different methods and without destruction of samples [Zlobin, 2013].

Fig. 1. Fragment of schematic map of the Tunguska region is presented on this figure. The place is shown where three probably Tunguska meteorites were found by the author in 1988.

It is necessary to remind that for the first time considerably fragment of melted glass-like substance was already discovered by L.I.Kulik [Kulik, 1939]. There is some information that traces of Ni were found by Kulik too. A lot of small magnetic spheres were collected during meteorite complex expedition in 1961 [Florensky, 1963]. Increased presence of Ni was noted by K.P.Florensky as the proof of cosmic origin of magnetic spheres. S.P.Golenetsky and others published their results concerning analysis of layers of peat-bogs [Golenetsky et al., 1977]. Many chemical elements were discovered during this analysis; moreover, Fe and Ni concentration was noted as increased too. Authors concluded that results of analysis correlates to substance of comets. Also Fe and Ni were discovered in particles from resin of trees [Longo, 1996] and this fact was in good correspondence to data of Golenetsky and others. Interesting results was obtained during investigation of small spherical particles with gas blebs [Dolgov, 1980]. Presence of hydrogen was determined in gas blebs and air component was absent. These spherules were found in the Tunguska region and researchers made the conclusion concerning comet origin of the substance. E.M.Kolesnikov and others discovered anomaly in isotopic composition of hydrogen in the peat from the place of explosion of Tunguska cosmic body [Kolesnikov et al., 1995]. The same opinion was presented in this study concerning comet origin of Tunguska body.

In accordance to author’s opinion the Tunguska cosmic body really has more chances to be recognized as a comet but not an asteroid. There is not any large crater. Also large quantity of cosmic mineral substance was not found. Now we have only three melted stones which have to be further examined as probably Tunguska meteorites. If to discuss connection between comets and origin of life, initially it is necessary to check up version of presence in these stones any magnetic markers of cosmic substance. It is useful to present arguments concerning possibility of survival of organic substance during comet impact. Finally, some informational model should be suggested, which can demonstrate possibility of self-recognition among atoms of cosmic organic substance. Such algorithm of self-recognition seems necessary for further modification of simple organic substance into simple forms of life.

3. Test of probably Tunguska meteorites by strong magnet
Description of special magnetic test is presented below, which base on usage of strong magnet. This test was carried out for the purpose of determination of any magnetic substance in the volume of every melted stone from Khushmo River’s shoal. All three stones were investigated by magnetic test: “whale”, “dental crown” and “boat”. The view of stones in comparison with the magnet is presented on Fig. 2. The size of magnet was 79 x 56 x 24 mm. Cargo characteristic of the magnet can be estimated with the help of simple experiment. This magnet can attract iron cargo of 1.5 kg from the distance of 1 cm. Let us repeat the weight of stones: “whale” – 10.4 g, “dental crown” – 1.6 g and “boat” – 2.3 g. The author used two methods of magnetic test. In accordance to first method, the influence of magnet on stones was primary estimated by simple moving up of magnet to every stone. All attempts were negative. It was not registered any motion of stones in direction to magnet. Second method of testing was considerably more sensitive when the author decided to use precise laboratory weighing machine (scales). Investigated stone was hanged on the lever of weighing machine with the help of long cotton string (1 meter). Another lever of weighing machine (without long string) was used for correction weight. Before tests, left and right lever of weighing machine were strictly balanced. Then the magnet was moving under stone and fluctuations of levers were registered by pointer (arrow) of weighing machine. It was good visible that every stone was slowly and weakly attracted to strong magnet. Degree of magnetic influence was approximately equal for “dental crown” and “boat”, but little more for “whale” stone. 

Fig. 2. Tested stones “whale”, “dental crown” and “boat” in comparison with strong magnet and ruler

Several other stones from author’s Khushmo collection were tested with the same magnetic test. There were not registered any fluctuations of levers of weighing machine during motion of strong magnet under stones. This became one more confirmation that three probably meteorites considerably differ from another stones, which were collected at the bottom of Khushmo River’s shoal. Also successful magnetic test demonstrated that three melted stones probably could be fragments of single parent body.

The author made the attempt to determine concentration of magnetic substance in “whale” stone. He used for this purpose special “test stone” from Khushmo collection without traces of melting and without magnetic properties. This stone has approximately the same weight as “whale” stone. Little iron particle was attached to “test stone” to achieve the same fluctuations of weighing machine as at magnetic test in case of “whale” stone. This method gave first estimation of concentration of magnetic substance in “whale” stone as ~ 10^-2 % (crude guess). The author has the opinion that iron [Fe] is possible magnetic substance in three melted stones. It seems this opinion may be confirmed with rusty color of melted stones. Certainly further investigation with more accurate chemical methods has to be carried out. 

4. Survival of vegetation after the Tunguska impact
Survival of vegetation during the Tunguska impact can be taken into consideration in case of analysis of survival of any organic substance. Heat impulse of Tunguska impact was already determined with good methods of proof. The author of this paper obtained values 13 – 30 J/cm² for the level on the ground [Zlobin, 2007] and values 280 and 420 J/cm² in considerably altitude above the ground [Zlobin, 1996, 1997, 2007, 2013]. Equation of thermal balance was used in last case for micro-meteorites [Whipple, 1950, 1951]. Approximately the same range of values was mentioned by experts of Sukachev Institute of Forest, University of Arizona and Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems [Vaganov et al., 2004]. These authors concluded that unlikely heat impulse exceeded 300 J/cm² (no signs of tree’s crown fire) and the minimum heat impulse was estimated by these authors as 25 J/cm².

Fig. 3 FEM grid with random generated nodes and temperature distribution in cross section of branch of pine (Celsius degrees). Diameter of branch – 10.5 mm. Thickness of rind – 1 mm. Heat impulse – 13 J/cm². Initial temperature – 20 degrees. Duration – 2 seconds. [Zlobin, 1996].

It is well known the fact of survival of trees at central region of the Tunguska impact [Vasilyev, 2004]. A lot of such living trees has new crown, which was formed again after influence of shock wave and burn of branches. The author made calculations of temperature distribution in cross section of branches during heating of tree by thermal radiation of Tunguska fire-ball [Zlobin, 1996]. Certainly, the author took into consideration presence of early-dew in all calculations too. Two-dimensional finite element method was used for these calculations and typical unsteady temperature field is presented in Fig.3. There is good visible heat influence near the external surface, which makes thermal damage in sectorial region of branch (in all depth of rind). However, any heat influence is absent in another regions of branch. That is why survival of many branches was provided too.

Also the author made calculations of temperature distribution in the depth of ground [Zlobin, 1997]. It was shown that some influence of thermal radiation of Tunguska explosion penetrates into the ground only to the depth of 1 – 2 mm. This result is in good correspondence to the fact of survival of seeds of trees in the ground in central region of the impact [Nekrasov et al., 1967]. During expedition of 1988 the author made more than ten prospect-holes in the Sphagnum fuskum peat-bogs at different places of central region of the Tunguska impact. The layer of fire of 1908 was detected accurately, and this layer was close inspected. There were good visible small parts of burned thin branches and roots of vegetation, but some of samples not looked like burned completely. It is one more confirmation that heat impulse was not considerably more than 13 – 30 J/cm². In 1988 the author inspected many peat-bogs around the center of Tunguska catastrophe and it was good visible that growth of vegetation was intensive during many decades after the event (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4 View of vegetation near Kulik’s main camp. Participants of 1988 expedition among hummocks of peat-bog and near new forest [Zlobin Photo, 1988 expedition]

E.A.Vaganov and others noted one more interesting fact concerning damages of trees. In accordance to disrupted tracheids in the 1908 tree’s ring, authors noted, that mechanical stress needed to cause the deformation of differentiating tracheids seen in the trees close to the epicenter is greater than needed to fell trees. Authors mentioned the assumption of complicated pattern of shock waves, caused with interaction of blast wave front with local topographic elements [Vaganov et al., 2004]. Also it seems useful to remind concerning complicated pattern of shock waves, caused with several powerful explosions during falling of fragments of Tunguska cosmic body [Zlobin, 2007]. As the author demonstrated earlier, pattern of the field of heat influence indicates four local flashes. Different views of forest-fall were good visible in 1988, and many trees were broken by high energy influence (Fig. 5). However, survival of many trees was provided and growth of new forest became the best illustration of restoring of biosphere.

Fig. 5 Central region of the Tunguska impact. This tree was broken by high energy influence of Tunguska cosmic body. Trees of new forest are visible around [Zlobin Photo, 1988 expedition].

We can make conclusion that in conditions of high temperatures and powerful shock waves of Tunguska impact, organic substance on the surface of the Earth can survive. There are more high temperature and pressure in the volume of fire-ball. However, in case of comet with compound structure, considerable mass of low temperature ice is able to protect internal stony bodies from premature heating and breaking during motion through the atmosphere. Moreover, thin crack was discovered last time when the “whale” stone from Khusmo River’s shoal was investigated with high resolution magnifier (confirmation of considerably stresses [Melosh, 1989]). Similar cracks can include comet ice and simple organic substance too. This substance can fall on the surface of the Earth with meteorites. Therefore, we can not exclude possibility of incoming of cosmic organic substance with comets and meteorites. Certainly, it is possible to imagine that organic life was delivered into the Earth from other space bodies. However, there is the question: how organic life was initiated on these other bodies?

V.I.Vernadsky had the opinion that the life appeared considerably quickly, and many different kinds of life were initiated simultaneously. To his mind, this conclusion can explain difference between geological layers of inert substance (inert minerals) and later geological layers with numerous traces of life. The velocity of distribution of life was mentioned by V.I.Vernsdsky as 1000 -10000 centimeters per second, and all surface of planet could be covered by life during several days. In accordance to V.I.Vernadsky the process of evolution of life began after this [Vernadsky, 1931]. The logic, mentioned above, makes possible to explain initiation of life by injection of some special informative substance into the Earth. One more explanation may be connected to achievement of necessary climatic conditions for this informative substance. The author of this paper focused his attention on hydrogen as the most known and widespread substance in the universe [Zlobin, 1996, 2010]. Some ideas concerning informational properties of hydrogen the author try to illustrate below.

5. Mathematical metrics of atom of hydrogen. Fundamental mathematics of atom
V.I.Vernadsky mentioned some aspects which are connected to problem of initiation of life and biosphere on the Earth [Vernadsky, 1931]. Among these aspects are ocean water, gas functions, pressure and temperature, climate etc. However three most interesting ideas were mentioned by V.I.Vernadsky especially. The first idea is known for a long time: “omne vivum e vivo” (it means that every living thing descends from living thing). The second idea means that all living things do not have strict symmetry, and left and right side of every living thing are different. Thus, all living things are characterized with the property of asymmetry. The third idea is that this asymmetry may be described mathematically as infringement of symmetry.

The author found mathematical expression, which seems useful for further theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of life [Zlobin, 1996, 2010]. Let’s demonstrate how to deduce this mathematical expression from Fibonacci row of numbers.

Initially let’s remind the view of Fibonacci row of numbers [Vorobyov, 1969]

where values of a series are calculated with recurrent expression ( n>2 )

below let’s use designation u_n and u_n+1 for current and next number of the row

also let’s take two expressions

      and      

where last expression we can transform to

let             is multiplied by        

then the result will be 

if      then we can write

and

if                  then         

where 

Ф – “extreme and mean ratio” or “golden ratio”
e – Napier number

then we have simple expression

the property of this expression is that it approximately equal to 

where 

 – Ludolph number

the equality will be strictly accurate if    multiply by special factor

let’s consider this factor as j=1.0079… (irrational one number)

thus

   =   

or finally

     (1)

certainly it mean, that 

where

j=1.0079…

Ф=1.6180…

e= 2.7182…

=3.1415…

and   

The most wonderful property of obtained mathematical expression (1) is that the factor j=1.0079… simultaneously coincides to the value of atomic mass of hydrogen with high accuracy. Let’s demonstrate that this expression may be used as system of measurements (metrics) for analysis of atoms. It seems very convenient, because all values during such analysis will be relative.

For example, below we make analysis for the atom of hydrogen (H). There is good visible correspondence between mathematical expression (1) and the length of the circle. Let’s consider the value j=1.0079… as the length of the circle of atom of hydrogen

where index “H” relates to all values obtained during analysis of atom of hydrogen.

Then we can write expressions for radius and diameter of the atom

       

Cross section of the atom (area of circle)

Expressions for area of sphere and volume of sphere

If atomic mass  then average density of atom of hydrogen

Let’s include all obtained values into single Table 1. Approximate values will be included into the last column too (if to take into consideration approximation )

Table 1

Value	More accurate	Approximate

Interesting results can be obtained if to analyze some another atoms with the help of the metrics. For example: when using this relative system of measurements, diameter of atom of hydrogen (H) approximately equal , diameter of atom of gold (Au) approximately equal , and diameter of atom of potassium (K) approximately equal  (golden ratio). This wonderful fact really confirms correctness of the term “golden ratio” as historical tradition. Let’s demonstrate this conclusion with concrete calculations. Size of every of mentioned atom is presented in Table 2 [Glinka, 1979].

Table 2

Designation	Chemical element	Radius of atom, nm
H	hydrogen	0.046
K	potassium	0.236
Au	gold	0.144

The length of circle of hydrogen’s atom will be used as the unit. 

 (unit)

Then

where  and the difference between 1.63 and 1.62 is 

where the difference between 0.997 and 1 less than 1%

and finally

 (golden ratio)

Especially, let’s note rough equality of metrical ratio of atoms of gold (Au) and molybdenum (Mo). Radius of atom of molybdenum is 0.139 nm [Glinka, 1979]. Also let’s note that potassium and molybdenum are very important chemical elements in biology. Moreover, it seems interesting that Fibonacci numbers and golden ratio are close connected to phenomena of life, for example, phyllotaxis in botany [Levitov, 1991]. For the first time Fibonacci numbers were mentioned in the task of rabbits born [Vorobyov, 1969]. It’s not excluded that a correspondence is possible between numerical proportions on macro level of living things and the same numerical proportions on the level of atoms. 

Thus, if to take into consideration the paper by V.I.Vernadsky [Vernadsky, 1931], we can note good correspondence between obtained metrics of hydrogen’s atom and V.I.Vernadsky’s ideas concerning origin of life. We strongly demonstrated that metrics of atom of hydrogen connects between each other the idea of substance, idea of form and idea of number. 

It seems, there is good visible reflection of the idea “omne vivum e vivo”

The idea of asymmetry is good visible too

and there is not any doubt, that the infringement of symmetry is expressed mathematically here.

Due to obtained metrics (1) interaction between atoms may be presented as simple analogue of thinking. Pattern recognition algorithm here is possible which based on strongly mathematical laws. By another words, we can imagine initiation of life not only as evolution of inert organic substance, but as evolution of “algorithmically thinking” substance. Also we have to remember the fact of deduction of the metrics from Fibonacci row of numbers. This may be theoretical hint concerning complicated internal logical structure of the atom too.

Now let’s return to the Tunguska event and remind concerning discovering of hydrogen as probably substance of the cosmic body. If the Tunguska body really was a comet then considerably mass of water and hydrogen was delivered to the Earth. The same substance could be delivered with similar impacts during prehistoric times. Simultaneously the information was delivered to the Earth, which was mentioned above as simple “algorithms of thinking”. The author considers that the presence of additional information (metrics for pattern recognition algorithm) became the condition of initiation of life in presence of simple inert organic substance too. Also the Tunguska event seems confirms that process of forming of the Earth and initiation of life continues till now. 

If to follow this mind, the initiation of life on another planets is possible too. Moreover, we must remember concerning other necessary conditions of life (temperature, pressure etc.). It is important to notice, that the life on all planets must be considerably similar. This conclusion follows strongly from mathematical laws (mathematical algorithms), when similar metrics is in usage and similar organic substances are present. Once again, hydrogen is the most widespread substance in the universe. That is why the metrics of atom of hydrogen is the most widespread too.

One more interesting feature of mathematical metrics of atom of hydrogen (1) should be mentioned. This feature is related to such phenomenon as “hidden mass” of the universe or “invisible dark matter”. There is not any doubt that relative mass of hydrogen is presented as mathematical abstraction in the expression (1). By another words we have the mass only as idea in this mathematical expression. Simultaneously this “mathematical mass” strongly connected to real mass of atom of hydrogen. Let’s repeat once again that hydrogen is the most widespread chemical element in the universe. This looks like interesting analogy between visible and hidden mass of the universe in modern physics. The author is planning to develop mathematical ideas which are presented above as new branch of mathematics – “fundamental mathematics of atom”.

6. Conclusion

After 25 years of research the author strengthened his opinion about comet origin of the Tunguska impact. This event is accompanied with massive incoming of cosmic water on the Earth and the same incoming of cosmic hydrogen. The test by strong magnet was carried out with three probable Tunguska meteorites from Khushmo River’s shoal. The test was successful and the presence was shown of magnetic substance in every stone (~10^-2 %). Such low concentration of magnetic substance in stones can explain, why a lot of fragments and sediments of Tunguska cosmic body were not collected earlier. Considerably more rough method of magnetic separation was used in earliest works [Florensky, 1963]. Mathematical modeling of heat processes confirms possibility of survival of vegetation during comet impact. The crack was discovered in the body of “whale” stone and the author consider that survival of simple organic cosmic substance is possible in such cracks too. Also the author obtained mathematical expression which can be used as metrics during analytical studies of atoms. Atom of hydrogen (H) is selected as the base of this metrics. The base of new branch of mathematics is declared as “fundamental mathematics of atom”. For the first time “irrational one number” is suggested as important mathematical and physical constant. It is suggested that initiation of life could be realized by incoming of simple cosmic organic substance simultaneously with incoming of additional information in the form of mentioned metrics of atom of hydrogen. Pattern recognition algorithm is possible on the base of the metrics and this algorithm could be realized during evolution from inert to living substance. As a result of author’s study, new method of investigation of fossilized biological objects seems possible too (for example, on the contact border of mathematics, chemistry, paleontology, paleobotany and geology). The method is based on investigation of numerical features of macro structures of fossils and solution of inverse mathematical task about features of ancient biological processes on the level of atoms. The same idea seems useful as additional method for dating of ancient biological and geological processes. Certainly such inverse mathematical task seems interesting in application to all living things at present too.

Acknowledgments
This paper is the second part of author’s study devoted to 150th anniversary of the birth of academician Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. The anniversary was declared by UNESCO in 2013 and the first part of the study was presented earlier [Zlobin, 2013]. For a long time the memory about academician V.I.Vernadsky is saved with many features in Vernadsky State Geological Museum due to activity of academicians Yu.N.Malyshev and D.V.Rundkvist. Important scientific work concerning V.I.Vernadsky on sessions of the International geological congress (1888-1937) was done to 150th anniversary of the birth of V.I.Vernadsky [Malakhova, 2012]. Publishing of new book about V.I.Vernadsky is already presented on the threshold of 2014 by G.B.Naumov and the foreword was written by academician Yu.N.Malyshev for this book.  I very thankful to administration and my colleagues in Vernadsky State Geological Museum on possibility to work with electronic databases  and actual information concerning scientific activity of V.I.Vernadsky and L.A.Kulik. I’d like to mention efforts of G.P.Homizuri and N.A.Homizuri, who gave me the help on finding of some archive documentes. Certainly I very thankful to academician of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences N.V.Vasilyev on his attention to my study of Tunguska impact. I thankful to all people who were supporting my Tunguska study during three decades.

1. Introduction

This paper is the first step, which presents results of my study of Stonehenge in English. Russian and Latvian people were informed on this study in 90th years by their languages [Zlobin, 1990], [Zlobins,1990]. First of all, I’d like to inform about my scientific level. I graduated from Bauman Moscow State Technical University (BMSTU, Power Engineering Faculty, mechanical engineer, Master degree, 1983) and Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU, Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics, mathematician, Master degree, 1991). In 1992 I obtained scientific degree in BMSTU which corresponds to Ph.D. level. Thus I obtained my education and scientific qualification in best Russian universities. During 15 years I worked in Central Institute of Aviation Motors (CIAM, Moscow). In CIAM I was awarded as winner of competition on best scientific works. My work was connected to aviation gas turbine engines. Aviation engines is well-known branch of high technologies and level of my scientific qualification seems clear. For a long time I investigated hypersonic processes connected to Tunguska meteorite. Simultaneously I had interest to history of Stonehenge and carried out my own study during last 25 years. Below I briefly described main obtained results of the study. I prefer form of description like a diary because this form indicates ways and style of my thinking. There is not necessity to repeat description of general plan of Stonehenge (Fig. 1) because we have excellent publications [Atkinson, 1991], [Hawkins, 1966], [Wood J.E., 1978] and others.

Fig. 1. Plan of Stonehenge in accordance to J.E.Wood, where ancient symbolics is good visible [Wood, 1978]

2. Initial idea

When I made analysis of general plan of Stonehenge for the first time, I compared it with mathematical grid for numerical solution of some partial differential equation. Circular Bank and Circle of Sarsen Stones with lintels were looking like bounds of the grid. Holes X, Y and Z were looking like nodes of the grid. My first guess was that holes were located in accordance to some mathematical law. My first action was absolutely casual but very successful. I resolved Laplace’s partial differential equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions. Ring domain of solution was declared between Circular Bank and Circle of Sarsen Stones with lintels. Boundary conditions were declared as U=10 for Circle of Sarsen Stones with lintels (external border of the Cirle) and U=0 for Circular Bank (internal border of the Bank). Mathematically this task may be written as:

,

where

L₁ – Circle of Sarsen Stones with lintels (external border of the Cirle)

L₂ – Circular Bank (internal border of the Bank)

D – ring domain between L₁ and L₂

All boundary conditions (values) were stated absolutely casual. However, it was luck. The solution is shown in Fig.2. It is good visible that three isolines of solution are in good correspondence to location of Holes X, Y and Z. This solution gave me interesting numbers 8,5,1 which are known as members of Fibonacci sequence of numbers. These three numbers simultaneously gave me hint concerning golden ratio (Ф=1.6180…). For example, 8 over 5 is approximately equal to Ф. Also relation between diameter of ring of X Holes (Aubrey Holes) and diameter of ring of Y Holes approximately equal to Ф too.

Fig.2. Solution of Laplace’s partial differential equation (rings of Stonehenge) with Dirichlet boundary conditions.

It may be symbolic record of Laplace’s equation and Laplacian

One more hint I understood when wrote the task and solution in another view. If solution of the same task depends only from radius then it may be written as:

differential equation:

where

and

R₁ – Circle of Sarsen Stones with lintels (external border of the Cirle)

R₂ – Circular Bank (internal border of the Bank)

Solution may be written as:

where coefficients a and b may be found from the system of equations

boundary conditions

Certainly I noticed that presence of natural logarithm simultaneously gave me the hint concerning Napier number (e=2.7182…). Ring forms reminded me the value of Ludolph number π=3.1415… Let’s remember all these hints.

As a result of all these calculations I supposed that Stonehenge contain some ancient mathematical texts or messages written with ancient symbols. For example, I obtained solution which may be interpreted as record of Laplace’s partial differential equation and record of Laplace’s operator or Laplacian (Fig. 2).

3. Records of partial differential equations

If to look close, we can notice interesting analogy between some modern and ancient mathematical symbols. Let’s look at parallel lines of Avenue of Stonehenge. Parallel lines of Avenue look like sign of equality. In turn Heel Stone indicates the most powerful source for ancient people (Sun). It really looks like Poisson’s equation (Fig.3)

Fig.3. Symbolic record of Poisson’s partial differential equation

As far as I know, we have not clear explanation for Horseshoe of Sarsen Trilithons till now. I’d like to suggest this explanation from position of mathematical significance. Look at Fig.4. where all Sarsen Trilithons are positioned in straight line. G.S.Hawkins already noticed that every Sarsen Trilithon connects to position of Sun or Moon in concrete time [Hawkins, 1966]. Let’s note in addition that Moon Trilithons located between Sun Trilithons. Also Trilithons were manufactured with different altitude [Hawkins, 1966]. If to apply mathematical conception of finite differences, then Horseshoe of Sarsen Trilithons may be interpreted as record of approximate derivatives with respect to time. If to use only Sun Trilithons, then it will be partial derivative with respect to time. If to use Sun Trilithons and Moon Trilithons together, then it will be second partial derivative with respect to time.

Fig. 4. Approximation of derivatives with respect to time by Horseshoe of Sarsen Trilithons here is shown

One more observation gives us logical connection between Horseshoe of Sarsen Trilithons and rings of Stonehenge. 1) Horseshoe of Sarsen Trilithons was manufactured as stony. Circle of Sarsen Stones with lintels was manufactured as stony too. 2) These two figures are duplicated at general plan of Stonehenge. 3) Both these figures are duplicated with the help of special Bluestones. 4) Both figures are duplicated from internal side of Sarsen stones. 5) In both cases the curve of Sarsen Stones is parallel to the curve of Bluestones. To my mind, builders of Stonehenge had the purpose to repeat many times with these several methods important logical phrase: “Horseshoe of Sarsen Trilithons is equal to Circle of Sarsen Stones with lintel”. It is mathematical sign of equality too. If to use Horseshoe of Sarsen Trilithons as record of partial derivatives then we can read two additional partial differential equations. There are heat equation and wave equation (Fig.5).

Fig. 5. Symbolic record of heat equation and wave equation (depends on case of derivative with respect to time)

4. Method by J.-F.Champollion and hieroglyphs in Stonehenge

Records of partial differential equations in Stonehenge were very surprise for me. It was absolutely clear that only civilization with high level of scientific development was able to make such records. I decided to check up Egypt as first applicant on these mathematical records. My decision concerning Egypt was confirmed with well-known facts of manufacturing of giant stony structures, such as pyramids. My further study confirmed that I was right on the idea of Egypt.

I decided to check up my first success on differential equations with another methods. First of all, boundary conditions were main subject of my interest. Numbers “10″ and “0″ as boundary conditions were selected absolutely casual in the case of solution of Laplace’s equation. I began to read books about ancient Egyptian mathematics for understanding of style of numbers writing [Struik, 1963], [ Stuchevskiy, 1976]. I was ready to exult when I discovered that Egyptian number “10″ is written with the symbol of horseshoe. It was bright and excellent confirmation of my own logic of decoding. It became clear that Horseshoe of Sarsen Trilithons symbolize Egyptian number “10″ simultaneously with symbol of derivative. Later I understood that every element of Stonehenge is able to symbolize several different ideas. Such property of writing is very convenient for increasing of information density during producing of records. It was not difficult to find one more stony element of Stonehenge connected to solution of Laplace’s equation and coded as symbol “1″. Slaughter Stone is located on the ring of Aubrey Holes (X Holes) and we can see that isoline “1″ of solution of Laplace’s equation coincides with ring of X Holes (Fig. 2). There is good correspondence between Egyptian symbol of number “1″ (single short line) and short line of Slaughter Stone. Confirmation became reliable for boundary conditions for solution of Laplace’s equation. I understood that Egyptians symbols are the key of code of Stonehenge. My further efforts were directed to the study of Stonehenge from position of Egyptian Hieroglyphs.

In accordance to my first success on Egyptian symbols, I supposed that Stonehenge is ancient Egyptian temple of solar god. Certainly I supposed that the name of the god must be written here too. When I understood method of decoding of Egyptian hieroglyphs by J.-F.Champollion [Champollion, 1822], I began to search cartouche and solar symbols on general plan of Stonehenge. I found these all soon. There are two barrows with two Station Stones and the Heel Stone. Every such structure on the plan looks like circle with the point in its center. The same Egyptian hieroglyph symbolize Sun. I recognized as cartouche Circular Bank around Stonehenge . Also I noticed that the beam of sunlight divides Stonehenge on two parts during midsummer sunrise. Simultaneously this beam of sunlight divides Horseshoe of Sarsen Trilithons on two parts. If to take into consideration symbol of Horseshoe as Egyptian “10″ number, then all mentioned symbols looks like some mathematical expression together with sign of equality (Table 1). There is good reason to take into consideration size of every circle with point too. It seems important that circle of North Barrow is larger than circle of South Barrow. We can rewrite the expression as fraction, where numerator look like “big 5″ number and denominator look like “small 5″ number. In this case, Heel Stone must have approximate value of “1″ number. It corresponds well to “1″ value of Slaughter Stone, which is located not far from axis of Stonehenge too. Together with another two Station Stones we can rewrite our expression finally (Table 1 and Fig. 6).

Table 1

Finally obtained mathematical expression can be written as equality:

Fig. 6. Mathematical expression which is written in Stonehenge

This mathematical formula looked wonderful. However, where is the name of god here? I was shocked and admired when I understood, that the name of god was recorded numerically. You may check up it by yourself, that the value j= 1.0079… means atomic mass of hydrogen. Thus the name Atom (or Atum) was coded in Stonehenge with the method of mathematical logic and with high mathematical accuracy. Certainly I remember the name of main Egyptian solar god Atum (Atom). Also I remember that Egyptians considered Pharaoh equal to Sun (solar god). Is there anybody, who denies that Sun and man consists mainly from atoms of hydrogen?

Some criticism may be here concerning names of Atom and Atum. Is it possible to equate names of Atom and Atum? Yes, it seems possible. We know from Egyptology that Egyptian records not include vowel letters [Korostovtsev, 1976]. That is why, two names Atom and Atum really are equivalent. Style of writing of this mathematical expression confirm, that we deal with Egyptian symbols. It is well-known from Egyptology that size of hieroglyphs is important for correct understanding of messages [Korostovtsev, 1976]. That is why North Barrow in Stonehenge larger than South Barrow. Also well-known from Egyptology that texts with hieroglyphs were divided on rectangles [Korostovtsev, 1976]. Symmetry was very important too. The same pattern we can see as applied to obtained mathematical expression (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7).

Fig. 7. Rectangular style of Egyptian writing
(secret Egyptian mathematical symbol and rebus “Atum”)

Above I described only one method of writing of the name “Atum”. This method is based on pattern of concrete symbol. However Egyptians duplicated this name in Stonehenge several times with different methods. Below I’d like to describe second method, which based on geometrical relations between rings of X,Y and Z Holes. Builders of Stonehenge inserted one more visual hint for better understanding of second method of writing. I don’t know what kind of objects forms this hint (holes or stones). I see this hint on the plan of Stonehenge in accordance to J.E.Wood (Fig. 1 and Fig. 8). Look at the dotted figure near South Barrow.

Fig. 8. Dotted figure near South Barrow

(pale-grey contour is added by A.E.Zlobin)

To my mind this dotted figure contains a lot of important ideas (Fig. 9). We can see here Egyptian symbol “shen” which mean eternity. The same symbol is well-known as Egyptian cartouche. Also we can see two signs of equality. One sign of equality is directed from ring of Y Holes to South Barrow, and another sign of equality is directed tangential to ring of Z Holes. I think that this symbolism is intended to describe the same mathematical expression with numerator and denominator, which mean the name “Atum”.

Fig. 9. Explanation of dotted figure near South Barrow

Let’s explain it with more details. The ring of X Holes symbolizes “big five” number and “big ring”:

The ring of Z Holes symbolizes “small five” number and “small ring”:

The ring of Y Holes symbolizes result of division (“big five” over “small five”):

Even astronomical symbolism gives us hints for similar thinking too [Hawkins, 1963, 1966]. For example, North Barrow is connected to summer position of Sun (symbol of “large size of Barrow”). South Barrow is connected to winter position of Sun (symbol of “small size of Barrow”). There is not any doubt, that the name of Atum was duplicated several times with different methods in Stonehenge.

I’d like to describe another ideas concerning dotted figure near South Barrow. To my mind, the circle with the point in its center corresponds to “Sun above horizon” (Sun on the sky), and the circle without point in its center seems as “Sun under horizon” (underground Sun). There is good correspondence to Egyptian mythology about solar god and his underground equivalent as Osiris. Also necessary to note, that the color of unique Altar Stone in Stonehenge was described as pale-green. This color of Altar Stone is explained by a lot of mica dissemination [Hawkins, 1966]. Altar Stone is closer to ring of Z Holes and closer to “shen” symbol too. Is it casual coincidence? In addition, let’s remind about such well-known fact as green color of skin of the god Osiris. Is it casual coincidence too? I think there are a lot of attributes of Egyptian mythology and such coincidences are not casual. As confirmation of my opinion I can note that Horseshoe of Sarsen Trilithons together with Altar Stone simultaneously looks like Egyptian hieroglyph “well” and water in it. We know that Egyptian mythology connects the god Osiris with “fresh water” and “water of River Nile” too [Matie, 1996]. To my mind, here we really have Egyptian message, where gods Atum and Osiris were mentioned together.

We can make one more interesting conclusion. Symbol “shen” together with long sign of equality looks like Egyptian hieroglyph “ankh” (translation of this symbol is “life”). Therefore, two hieroglyphs (“shen” and “ankh”) may be read together as “Eternally living”. On the background of the name Atum (on the background of three rings of X,Y and Z Holes) this compound hieroglyph gives us clear phrase “Eternally living Atum”. Who was the author of this ancient message? Certainly the sign of the author must be here. To this moment I have already seen a lot of Egyptian symbols and found the sign of author quickly. Look at the pattern of many holes at the Entrance of Stonehenge (Fig 10). Together with Slaughter Stone and holes of “D” and “E” stones, this pattern looks like Egyptian hieroglyph “write”. The form of this hieroglyph repeats form of the device, which scribes used for writing. The style of writing of the hieroglyph seems well corresponds to approximate date 1500 BC. Certainly it is the clearest sign of Egyptian scribe. Simultaneously, it is best confirmation of presence of Egyptian message. Finally we can read full ancient message: “Eternally living Atum. This was written by Egyptian scribe”.

Fig. 10. Egyptian hieroglyph “write” in the form of the device for writing (pale-grey contour is added by A.E.Zlobin). The picture in accordance to [Wood, 1978]

5. Egyptian vocabulary of Stonehenge

Below I collected all symbols and hieroglyphs in common vocabulary of Stonehenge (Table 2). Also I illustrated all Egyptian symbols on the scheme of Stonehenge (Fig. 11).

Table 2

Symbol	Objects on the plan of Stonehenge	Translation (explanation)
	Circular Bank	Sacred symbol like cartouche. It indicates that the element of Stonehege or its internal symbols are related to the name of god or sacred secret
	North Barrow, South Barrow with Station Stones and ditches, Heel Stone with ditch	Egyptian hieroglyph which means “Sun”. Simultaneously it means some numerical value. Size of the symbol approximately indicates value of number (large or small number)
	A part of dotted figure near South Barrow	Egyptian hieroglyph “shen” which means “eternity”. Also this hieroglyph well-known as cartouche
	Compound dotted figure near South Barrow	Compound Egyptian hieroglyph “ankh” which means “life”. Together with included hieroglyph “shen” it means “eternally living”
	Horseshoe of Sarsen Trilithons together with Altar Stone	Egyptian symbol which means “well with water”
	Slaughter Stone	Egyptian mathematical symbol which means “1″ number
	Horseshoe of Sarsen Trilithons	Egyptian mathematical symbol which means “10″ number
	Avenue, parallel curves which consists of Bluestones, parallel dotted lines near South Barrow	In Stonehenge it means mathematical or logical “sign of equality”
	Beam of sunlight during midsummer sunrise, horizontal line in the “shen” symbol	Mathematical symbol of division. Symbols above this line means numerator. Symbols below this line means denominator
	The pattern of many holes at the Entrance of Stonehenge together with Slaughter Stone and Holes of stones “D” and “E”	Egyptian hieroglyph “write” in the form of the device for writing. This device was used by every Egyptian scribe
	North Barrow, South Barrow, Heel Stone, Station Stones, Avenue, Beam of sunlight during midsummer sunrise	Sacred symbol, rebus and mathematical formula which means atomic mass of Hydrogen and the name of the god Atum (Atom) simultaneously
	Circular Bank, rings of X,Y and Z Holes, Circle of Sarsen Stones with lintels	Mathematical symbol which means Laplace’s partial differential equation and Laplacian simultaneously
	Circular Bank, rings of X,Y and Z Holes, Circle of Sarsen Stones with lintels, Heel Stone, Avenue	Mathematical symbol which means Poisson’s partial differential equation
	Circular Bank, rings of X,Y and Z Holes, Circle of Sarsen Stones with lintels, Horseshoe of Sarsen Trilithons, Bluestones	Mathematical symbol which means Wave partial differential equation or Heat partial differential equation (depends on case of derivative with respect to time)

Fig. 11. Egyptian symbols and hieroglyphs on the scheme of Stonehenge

6. Method of building of Stonehenge

Builders of Stonehenge gave us very clear hints concerning method of its manufacturing. I have already mentioned that Horseshoe of Sarsen Trilithons looks like Egyptian symbol “well with water”. Stone “E” in hieroglyph “write” symbolize “vessel with water”. The vessel is included to the Egyptian device for writing. Both these symbols of water are located near axis of Stonehenge and seems symbolize direction of water flow. Also well-known that Avenue of Stonehenge leads eventually to the bank of the River Avon [Atkinson, 1991]. Let’s remind that Egyptians had giant experience of irrigation works and manufacturing of irrigation systems. They were being producing man-made channels, lakes, banks, dams and other systems for control of water. Devices for lifting of water level like shadoof and gateway were used by Egyptians too. I thought a lot. If it will be necessary for me to build Stonehenge, what method I’ll select? To my mind, water technologies of Egyptians were used during manufacturing of Stonehenge and lifting of giant stones were made with the help of hydraulics. As engineer, I prefer this method of lifting of heavy cargo instead of using of hands. G.S.Hawkins mentioned interesting experiment in his book. A model of stone was located on a raft for transporting by water. It was noted that even a child can control this process with the help of long stick [Hawkins, 1966]. I consider that stones were transported to Stonehenge by method of shipping with the help of rafts and pontons. Then several circular banks or walls were manufactured for organizing of man-made basins in the area of Stonehenge (Fig. 12). The wall of every internal basin was some higher than the wall of external basin.

Fig. 12. Scheme of man-made basins and hydraulic method of manufacturing of Stonehenge.
For clearer picture not all devices (pontons and shadoofs) are shown here. Size of devices is increased a little too.

The opinion is known that level of water was increased in River Avon with the help of dam [Hawkins, 1966]. Water flow was turned from the River Avon with the help of Avenue channel. Water exchange between man-made basins was organized with the help of many devices like shadoof. Stones were built-in into wooden pontons not far from target places. With the help of shadoofs the level of water was increased and stones were simply transported by pontons to target places. Then the level of water was decreased and all stones were fixed on target places. This method explains manufacturing of Stonehenge including lifting by hydraulic method of lintels stones. Holes of rings X,Y and Z seems not only informational structures, but seems places for location of shadoofs too. Internal banks or walls were deleted later. A lot of holes at the entrance of Stonehenge looks like contour of water gateway device and contour of symbol “write” simultaneously. Once again, it is wonderful confirmation of high intellect of builders of Stonehenge. They were able to achieve a lot of targets simultaneously.

7. Conclusion

I am not Egyptologist, not historian and not archaeologist. I am mathematician and engineer. Applications of Stonehenge are interesting for me. The purpose of my study was to understand code of Stonehenge and to explain method of building this stony monument. It seems I have success on this activity. I confirm that astronomical directions in Stonehenge were selected not casual. The idea about astronomical directions in Stonehenge was useful [N.J. Lockyer, 1906]. G.S.Hawkins really made great discovery when he found astronomical directions connected to positions of Sun and Moon. Moreover, these directions are not only confirmation of Stonehenge as ancient observatory. It is wonderful method for recording of important knowledge on mathematics and physics. I understood and decoded ancient style of writing of differential partial equations. Also I decoded the name of ancient Egyptian god Atum (Atom) which was coded with the help of hieroglyphs and numbers. The most ancient theory of Atom of Hydrogen was coded in Stonehenge too. I must note especially that nobody of modern mathematicians and physicists know mathematical formula for atomic mass of Hydrogen in the form of Egyptian record. This formula was unknown for all scientists till now. Secret method of writing of Egyptian sacred knowledge with the help of mathematics was not known too. Thus we obtained possibility to investigate Egyptian records from position of most sacred secrets.

The most interesting fact is that Atom of Hydrogen contains logical idea in the form of wonderful mathematical expression. Is it main reason for Egyptians to recognize Atom as god and base of life? “As the result of excavations we can now divide the history of Stonehenge into several periods, covering a span of about twenty centuries between about 3100 and 1100 BC” [Atkinson, 1991]. Style of hieroglyph “write” (Fig. 10) indicates the date of manufacturing of Stonehenge. The style approximately corresponds to the date 1500 BC. It is third phase of Stonehenge (end of great monuments). There is good agreement between style of writing of the hieroglyph and result of excavations. I’d like to note that epoch of Pharaoh Akhnaton is not far from this date. Is it possible to suppose that reforms of Pharaoh Akhnaton were prepared in Stonehenge? Is it possible to consider Stonehenge as distant experimental place for scheduling of such reforms? Certainly, there are only my assumptions and only high qualified experts in Egyptology can confirm or reject these ideas.

I try to answer the question concerning all applications of Stonehenge. I think it was ancient Egyptian solar temple of the god Atum. G.S.Hawkins determined Stonehenge as ancient observatory and neolithic computer simultaneously. I agree to these conclusions by G.S.Hawkins too. Also I compare Stonehenge with giant stony computer diskette, which contains important scientific information. Positions of Sun and Moon gives us possibility to read information from this diskette. Most of all Stonehenge remind me ancient Egyptian distant center of science and higher education. It is very interesting for me to consider Stonehenge as the most ancient University. I not exclude that Stonehenge University was the first center of higher education in ancient England. I know about so-called “houses of life” in ancient Egypt which are mentioned as higher schools [Korostovtsev, 1976]. To my mind Stonehenge is the best confirmation of reality of such Universities.

We know that ancient Egyptians used mathematics in their practice [Struik, 1963], [Stuchevskiy, 1976]. Somebody may ask me about application of partial differential equations in ancient Egypt. I think it was military application first of all. Stonehenge with man-made basins even looks like fortification. I not exclude that Stonehenge was ancient Military University simultaneously. It is well-known that today partial differential equations are used for forecasting in military activity [Chuev et al., 1975 ]. To my mind military power of ancient Egypt was supported with higher education and possibility of forecasting of results of wars. It was mathematics of numerical methods which mean repeated usage of simple algorithms. That is why all similar prehistoric monuments looks like mathematical grid for numerical methods. For example, let’s remind not only Stonehenge but also Carnac Stones in Brittany. All these monuments connect to positions of Sun or Moon for the purpose of working like computer timer. Astronomical time was necessary for working of these giant stony processors. Sun or Moon worked as devices for realizing of clock rate in computers. A lot of people were located between nodes of neolithic mathematical grid and they followed commands of priests. Every command looked like very simple arithmetical action. For example, small stones or grains were distributed as fifty-fifty between neighbour men during one cycle. Certainly only Egyptian priests were able to understand the result of all cycles of calculations. I not exclude, that these calculations were presented by priests to people like dialogue with god.

Let’s look through simple example. Let’s locate four points (nodes) in some distance from each other in the form of cross. We will calculate value in fifth central point as arithmetical average between another four points. Is it difficult? No certainly. Even a child is able to carry out such calculation. However, with this algorithm we realized numerical method of solution of two-dimensional partial differential equation of Laplace. If to repeat this algorithm many times in all internal nodes of grid we will obtain solution of Laplace’s equation in full domain of calculations. I think solution of Laplace’s partial differential equation was necessary for purposes of irrigation works in Egypt. For example, Laplace’s equation describes steady distribution of water flow.

Here I not mention accuracy of my mathematical calculations in Stonehenge. I see wonderful mathematical logic in Stonehenge and I understand logical style of ancient message. The accuracy of my calculations seems not important subject in this case. Moreover, some information was duplicated in Stonehenge. This gives me reliance concerning correctness of my decoding. I can not determine origin of Egyptian higher mathematics. I can not explain knowledge of atomic mass of Hydrogen by ancient Egyptians. I can only suppose that several thousand years of Egyptian history gave ancient men time for prolonged thinking and for prolonged numerical calculations. To my mind, we have confirmation that mathematics of ancient Egyptians was based mainly on numerical methods. I see symbols of mathematical finite differences. I know that the most difficult tasks of today are resolved with numerical methods too.

I’d like to note that not only Stonehenge but also Egyptian temple was close investigated by G.S.Hawkins [Hawkins, 1973]. Today we know about very interesting results of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project [Gaffney et al., 2012]. I hope new studies will give us more information about real history of Stonehenge. Is it possible to use knowledge of ancient Egyptians in modern science? I think it is possible. I already delivered several publications about unique properties of mathematical formula of atom of Hydrogen [Zlobin, 2010], [Zlobin, 2014]. To my mind there are a lot of analogies with ideas of V.I.Vernadsky concerning origin of life. It is important, that mathematical logic is discovered as property of atom. To my mind we can use this property for better understanding of problem of artificial intelligence.

Acknowledgments

I very thankful to Dr. V.S.Komissarov who initiated my interest concerning Stonehenge. Also I very thankful to Dr. V.K.Zhuravlyov who urgently sent for me two wonderful books about Stonehenge. I thankful to all people who are interested on study of Stonehenge and who saved Stonehenge from destructive influence of time.

This paper continue description of my study concerning Stonehenge. For the first time I described some results in English in 2015 [Zlobin A.E., 2015]. Now I’d like to add several conclusions which takes into consideration Egyptian mythology with more detailes. I obtained a lot of new data which are based on my mathematical analysis of Stonehenge. Below I gives explanation of curved Avenue between Stonehenge and Avon River from position of Egyptian mythology. Explanation of Cursus is given too. This short paper is my first announcement concerning Egyptian significance of Avenue and Cursus.

I already mentioned Egyptian Gods in my first paper concerning Stonehenge [Zlobin A.E., 2015]. To my mind the name of well-known Egyptian solar God Atum was written in Stonehenge with the help of rebus and mathematical formula simultaneously. Moreover, ancient phrase “Eternally living Atum” was written in Stonehenge. Also I noted in Stonehenge some Egyptian symbolism which corresponds to mythology of God Osiris. Now I describes symbolism of Egyptian Goddess Nut. These examples indicates that Egyptian mythology seems presented in Stonehenge considerably wide.

If to say about Avenue, astronomical theme must be mentioned first of all [Lockyer, N.J., 1906], [Hawkins, G.S., White J.B. 1966]. The fact that directions in Stonehenge are connected with positions of Sun and Moon gives us hint concerning sky. Let us remind, that in accordance to Egyptian mythology, ancient Egyptians were considering sunrise as birth of Sun by Goddess Nut [Montet P., 1946]. After birth in the morning, God Ra (Sun) was sailing in his boat along the body of Goddess Nut, who symbolized the sky. A lot of ancient images of Goddess Nut are known where she looks like woman with curved line of body. Also we know images of God Ra who is sailing along the sky in his boat, and the sky looks like Goddess Nut with stars on her body. In accordance to Egyptian mythology, Goddess Nut swallowed Sun in the evening. At night, after sunset, Sun was traveling through underground world. Next morning the birth of Sun was repeated etc.

Now investigation of Stonehenge nearest area is in progress by archaeologists, see for example [Pearson M.P. et al., 2008], [Gaffney, C. et al., 2012]. Below I delivered image of Stonehenge nearest area with some my explanations from position of Egyptian mythology (Fig.1). Let’s look at the curved form of Avenue. If to draw image of Goddess Nut near Avenue we can see very good correspondence between these two forms. Foots of Goddess Nut are placed near the entrance of Stonehenge. Hands of Goddess Nut are directed to the coast of Avon River. Middle part of Avenue line symbolize body of Goddess Nut. The line from Stonehenge along legs of the Goddess is directed to stomach, where Sun is born during midsummer sunrise. Head and hands of the Goddess are directed to the place of Avon River’s coast, where midsummer sunset is visible in direction to Stonehenge. This place symbolize swallow of Sun by Goddess Nut. Without doubt there is accurate Egyptian symbolism of Goddess Nut.

Fig. 1. A.E.Zlobin - Explanation of Stonehenge nearest area in accordance to Egyptian mythology. Daily traveling of God Ra (Sun) along the body of Goddess Nut and traveling of Sun through underground world Duat at night

Also I suggests clear interpretation and explanation for the Cursus, which is placed some northern from Stonehenge. Thin blue additional lines indicates that Cursus may symbolize the boundary between sky and underground world (Fig.1). Ancient Egyptians named this underground world as Duat. In accordance to mythology of ancient Egyptians, western point of Cursus indicates entrance of Sun into Duat, and eastern point of Cursus looks like outlet of Sun out of Duat. It is necessary to note, that Avenue and Cursus demonstrates their similar significance. This significance is the way of God Ra (Sun). In case of Avenue, it is the way along the sky. In case of Cursus, it is the way along underground world. There is wonderful correspondence to Egyptian mythology concerning traveling of God Ra in daylight hours in special daylight boat and traveling in night hours in special night boat. This mythology is described by M.E.Matie in her book [Matie M.E., 1996]. In the morning, near eastern outlet from underground world, God Ra changes his seat from night boat into daylight boat. In the evening, near western entrance to Duat, he changes his seat from daylight boat into night boat. The moment when God Ra changes his seat from daylight boat to night boat is shown at Fig.2 [Matie M.E., 1996].

Fig. 2. Sun changes its seat from daylight boat into night boat [Matie M.E., 1996]

I’d like to note some another analogies which connect Stonehenge with ancient Egypt. If to take into consideration description of Egyptian mythology by M.E.Matie [Matie M.E., 1996], the Cursus simultaneously symbolize Underground Nile River where God Ra travel during night hours. I not exclude religious analogy between Avon River and Egyptian Nile River too. We know that ancient Egyptians were considering Nile River as sacred object. Egyptian religious performances often were connected with Nile River too. To my mind, all Stonehenge nearest area was used for religious performances. It seems logical to imagine Avenue of Stonehenge as water way and channel for sailing of God Ra in his boat during celebration of midsummer sunrise. In this case, the logical connection between Stonehenge, Avenue and Avon River seems considerably strong. This religious performance was able to begin in Stonehenge in the morning during sunrise. In Stonehenge priests prepare real boat and the man whose role is God Ra. During all the daylight the boat with God Ra is moving along Avenue channel simultaneously with motion of Sun across the sky. Ancient people welcome God Ra along all Avenue. Religious sense of this celebratory performance is birth of Sun by Goddess Nut and motion of Sun along the body of Goddess. In the evening the boat of God Ra is arriving to Avon River where Goddess Nut swallow Sun. Thus Egyptian mythology concerning sunrise and sunset is demonstrated completely. Similar religious performance seems possible at night in Cursus. The difference is in night dark time and underground way of Sun. I think night religious performance in Cursus was the continuation of mentioned religious actions after sunset. There is a lot of similarity between mythology of God Osiris in Stonehenge [Zlobin A.E., 2015] and religious performances in Egyptian place Abydos every year [Korostovtsev M.A., 1976]. It is well known that Abydos was the center of God Osiris cult. I think it is clear explanation of many tombs near Cursus.

River and water were important things for Egyptians not only from position of religion. These things were important as the base of irrigation and hydraulic technologies. Force of water is able to lift giant weight if to know methods of hydraulics. In my previous paper concerning Stonehenge [Zlobin A.E., 2015] I described hydraulic technologies which could be used for manufacturing of this stony temple. It was shown that man-made basins were used for this purpose. Lifting of giant stones in Stonehenge was produced with the help of woody rafts and pontons. Devices for lifting of water level like shadoof were used in this case. Images of shadoofs are well known in ancient Egypt (Fig.3). Certainly deep holes were necessary for positioning of posts for shadoofs. Traces of these holes we can see in Stonehenge till now [Atkinson R.J.C. 1991],[ Wood J.E. 1978].

Fig. 3. Watering of a garden in ancient Egypt with the help of shadoof devices [Savelyeva T.N. 1976]

Water gateways were necessary for rafts and pontons and for control of water level in basins. Possible regions are shown with red color in Fig.4 where gateways were placed. I not exclude, that these gateways were used later not only for manufacturing of Stonehenge but also for religious performances. May be the boat of God Ra was sailing through these gateways too. Also levels of three manmade basins are shown at Fig.4 with three shades of blue color. More deep blue color corresponds to more high level of water in basin. Three levels of water were necessary for gradual increase of altitude of stones lifting. Hydraulic technologies explain size of many elements of Stonehenge. In accordance to T.N.Savelyeva, Egyptians used shadoof for lifting water up to 2 metres of height [Savelyeva T.N. 1976]. That is why three levels of man-made basins were necessary for manufacturing of Stonehenge and lifting of lintels. These three levels are marked with holes X,Y and Z for placing of three circles of shadoofs. That is why Circular Bank around Stonehenge was produced with approximately 2 metres of height. Circular Bank and the same man-made basin was the first level of water. Second basin and second level of water was approximately 4 metres of height. Third basin and highest level of water was approximately 6 metres. Size of lintels was approximately 1 metre of high. Therefore, biggest Trilithons in Stonehenge were produced with approximately 7 metres of height (2+2+2+1=7 metres).

Fig. 4. Gateways (red) and levels of three man-made basins in Stonehenge

Now I have not any doubt that Stonehenge was built with the help of Egyptian knowledge and technologies. To my mind some Egyptian citizen or citizens supervised manufacturing of Stonehenge. In Stonehenge we can see not only traces of Egyptian technical devices but even Egyptian mythology and Egyptian hieroglyphs. I am sure that works of archaeologists will give us new important information concerning history of Stonehenge and nearest area. May be the history of mankind more difficult for understanding than someone think. Stonehenge open new page of this history and a lot of new discoveries seems possible.

It is wonderful when ancient legends of England confirms the idea of Stonehenge origin. These confirmation is good visible in Arthurian legends. As mentioned by G.S.Hawkins and J.B.White, in accordance to these legends the origin of Stonenenge is connected to Africa [G.S.Hawkins, J.B.White, 1966]. Also hieroglyphs in Stonehenge [Zlobin A.E., 2015] are in good correspondence to method of decoding by J.-F.Champollion, who was the founder of Egyptology [Champollion, J.-F. 1822]. The language of Stonehenge is the language of Egyptian priests and scribes. I continue to develop Egyptian vocabulary of Stonehenge [Zlobin A.E., 2015] and this vocabulary is the key to most sacred mythology and knowledge of ancient Egyptians. Sacred mysteries of Egyptian Gods are hidden in ancient Stonehenge. I hope not only Egyptology will help investigate Stonehenge, but Stonehenge will help to understand history of ancient Egypt with more detailes and more accurate. Is there anybody who know contribution and influence of ancient English people on civilization of ancient Egypt too? Is there explanation of all megalithic monuments from position of some common ancient knowledge?

References

1. Atkinson R.J.C. 1991, Stonehenge and Neighbouring Monuments. English Heritage. Fourth impression, London.

2. Champollion, J.-F. 1822, About Egyptian hieroglyphic alphabet. Translation, edition and comments by Lifshits I.G. [in Russian]. Publishing house of Academy of Sciences of USSR, Leningrad. 1950.

3. Gaffney, C., Gaffney, V., Neubauer, W., Baldwin, E., Chapman, H., Garwood, P., Moulden, H., Sparrow, T., Bates, R., Löcker, K., Hinterleitner, A., Trinks, I., Nau, E., Zitz, T., Floery, S., Verhoeven, G., Doneus, M., 2012, The Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project. Archaeological Prospection. Volume 19, Issue 2, April/June 2012, Pages: 147-155.

4. Hawkins, G.S., White J.B. 1966, Stonehenge Decoded. Published by Souvenir Press, London. Translation by Gurov P.S. with edition by Gurshteyn A.A. [in Russian]. “Mir” Press, Moscow, 1984.

5. Korostovtsev M.A. 1976, Religion [in Russian] / Culture of ancient Egypt Institute of Oriental Studies, Academy of Sciences of USSR, Nauka Press, Moscow, 180-222.

6. Lockyer, N.J., 1906, Stonehenge and other British Stone Monuments Astronomically Considered, Macmillan, London.

7. Matie, M.E., 1996, The elected studies on mythology and ideology of ancient Egypt [in Russian]. Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences. Eastern Literature Press (RAS), Moscow.

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12. Zlobin A.E. 2015, The most ancient theory of Atom. Stonehenge is distant Egyptian solar temple and ancient University // Modern scientific researches and innovations. 2015. № 10 [Electronic  journal]. URL: https://web.snauka.ru/en/issues/2015/10/58057