In the Turkmen language, the verb “gadagan etmek” has the meaning of the word “gadagan” and this word consists of the ancient Turkmen (Turkic) verb “gad” and the suffixes “-a” and “-gan”. The word “gad”  means “to go forward, to stop looking” [14, p. 151]. For example: Eger-de olaryň biz bilen pikiri gabat gelmeýän bolsa, olara töhmet atmak hem gadagan [13, p. 105]. A second word, and a prohibition that contradicts the above meaning, is “Surnugýançaň işleme!” [13, p. 221].

In Persian, the verb “gadagan etmek” is used in the form of قدغن کردن  (gädägän kärdän). The first part of this verb, قدغن (gädägän), is a direct copy of the Turkmen word “gadagan”. The word is also used as a lexical item with an independent meaning. In Persian, the کردن (kärdän) “etmek” part of the second participle of the verb فعل کمکی (fe’l-e komäki) also serves as an auxiliary verb. As in the Turkmen language, this verb can be found in the Persian language as well in the meanings such as “ygtyýar, ýol bermezlik” [22, p. 208]. For instance: درمکان ورزشی بانوان ورود آقایان قدغن است. Zenanlaryň türgenleşýän sport meýdançasyna erkeklere girmek gadagan. عبور وسایل غیر مجاز قدغن است Rugsat berilmedik ulag serişdelerine geçmek gadagan [23, p. 5497].

In the Turkmen language, the word “gaýçylamak” from the verb “gaýçy” comes from the root of the ancient Turkmen (Turkic) verb “gıy” and the suffix “-yjy”. The meaning is “gyýyjy, kesiji” and then the first “-y” sound of this name is changed to “a” sound and the word “gaýçy” is made. That is, the act of “gaýçylamak” also originated on this basis [14, p. 163]. For example: Baglar gaýçylanyp timarlandy. Mata gaýçylanyp kesim-kesim edilipdir [16, p. 393].

In Persian, the verb “gaýçylamak” is used in the form of قیچی کردن  (geýçi kärdän). The first part of this verb is  قیچی (geýçi) is a derivative of the Turkmen word “gaýçy”. This word is also used as an independent word. In Persian, the کردن (kärdän) “etmek” part of the second participle of the verb فعل کمکی (fe’l-e komäki) also serves as an auxiliary verb. As in the Turkmen language, this verb is also used in the Persian language in the sense of “gaýçy bilen kesmek, gyrkmak” [22, p. 224]. For example: عکس های مجله را قیچی کرد و برداشت Žurnalyň suratlaryny gaýçylap aldy دختر قالی باف خامه را قیچی می زند. Dokmaçy gyz ýüplügi gaýçylaýar [23, p.5623].

In the Turkmen language, the verb “jar çekmek” is from the Turkmen (Turkic) word “jar” which means “bir zat barada gygyryp habar bermegi”. This word is actually derived from the simile of sound like “çarlamak, jarlamak, gygyrmak“. In the past, loud-voiced people were hired to shout important messages in crowded places (weddings, markets) and were called heralds. The verb “jar çekmek” also originated on this basis [14, p. 221]. For example: Ol biriniň jar çekdirýän sesini eşidip, özüne gelipdir [13, p. 412]. Hökümdar şol sebitlere habar berip, ogly üçin mynasyp terbiýeçini görmek isleýändigini jar çekdiripdir [13, p. 479].

In the Persian language, the verb “jar çekmek” is used in the form of جار زدن  (jar zädän). The first part of this verb jar (jar), the word “jar” is considered to be a derivative of the word “jar” in the Turkmen language. This word is also used as an independent word. As in the Turkmen language, this verb is also used in the Persian language in the sense of “bir habary halka sesli mälim etmek” [22, p. 113]. For example:   مامور شد جار بزند و خبر را به همه برساند Oňa habary hemme adamalara ýetirmek üçin jar çekmek tabşyryldy. هنوز چیزی نشده که جار بزنی Entäk jar çeker ýaly hiç zat bolmady [23, p. 2059].

The origin of the verb “elemek” in the Turkmen language is connected with the word “elek” which means “iki el bilen hereketlendirilip, un, däne we ş.m. elemek.” The name of this tool is derived from the ancient Turkmen (Turkic) word ”el”. However, the use of the words “egli, egle” in the sense of “ele” in Uyghur and Tyva languages also shows that the name of this tool comes from the verb “egmek”. The word “eglek” is composed of the root “-eg” and the suffixes “-le” and “-k” and means “iki el bilen işledilýän”[14, p. 139 p.]. For example: Ogulmeňli un eleýär [16, p. 324].

In Persian, the verb “elemek” is used in the form of الک کردن )äläk kärdän). The first part of this verb, الک (äläk) “elek” was introduced into the Persian language from the dictionary of the Turkmen language. The word is also used as a lexical item with an independent meaning. In the Persian language, the second participle of this verb کردن )kärdän) also serves as an auxiliary verb فعل کمکی )fe’l-e komäki). As in the Turkmen language, this verb is also used in the Persian language as “un we ş.m. külke zatlary elekden geçirmek” [22, p. 38]. بیایم. Men bazardan gelýänçäm şu uny eläp goý [23, p. 538].

Pars dilinde «kömekleşmek» işligi کمک کردن )komäk kärdän) şekilinde ulanylýar. Bu işligiň birinji کمک (komäk) «kömek» bölegi türkmen dilindäki «kömek» sözüniň kalkasydyr. Bu söz özbaşdak manyly söz hökmünde hem ulanylýar. Pars dilinde bu işligiň ikinji bölegi  کردن )kärdän) «etmek» işligi hem فعل کمکی )fe’l-e komäki) kömekçi işligiň hyzmatyny ýerine ýetirýär. Bu işlik türkmen dilinde bolşy ýaly, pars dilinde hem «birine kömek etmek, goldaw bermek» ýaly manylarda duş gelýär [22, p. 261]. Mysal üçin: احساس کرد که من می توانم به او کمک کنم Men oňa kömekleşerin diýip düşündi. وصیت می کنم که شما ها به خانواده اش کمک کنید  Size maşgalasyna kömek etmegiňizi tabşyrýan [23, p. 5934].

In the Turkmen language, the verb “kömekleşmek” is derived from the ancient Turkmen (Turkic) word “üme” and means “birine berilýän goldaw, hemaýat, ýardam”. That is, if we consider the word “üme” as a root, the word “kömek” is formed by adding the suffix “-k”. That is, the verb “kömekleşmek” also arises on this basis [14, p. 376]. For example: Biz ylgaşyp baryp, ýaňky horjunlary, sandyklary düşürmäge kömekleşdik [13, p. 545]. Aýalym bolsa çagalar bilen bilelikde olaryň öý işlerine kömekleşýär [13, p. 431].

In Persian, the verb “kömekleşmek” is used in the auxiliary form. The first auxiliary part of this verb کمک (komäk) is a derivative of the Turkmen word “kömek”. This word is also used as an independent word. In Persian, the second part of this verb is the participle کردن (kärdän), the verb “etmek” and the verb فعل کمکی (fe’l-e komäki) serves as an auxiliary verb. As in the Turkmen language, this verb is also found in the Persian language in the meaning of “birine kömek etmek, goldaw bermek” [22, p. 261]. For example: احساس کرد که من می توانم به او کمک کنم Men oňa kömekleşerin diýip düşündi. وصیت می کنم که شما ها به خانواده اش کمک کنید  Size maşgalasyna kömek etmegiňizi tabşyrýan [23, p. 5934].

In the Turkmen language, the verb “çapawullamak” is derived from the ancient Turkmen (Turkic) verb “çap” and is found in meanings such as “dökül, gapyl bas, duýdansyz çoz”. Then “çap” gets the suffix “-a” at the end of the verb root and “-wul” which is used instead of the professional suffix “-çy” which is common to Turkic and Mongolian languages [14, p. 397]. For example: Göroglynyň ýurduna çozup, ýeten ýerindäki galany çapawullapdy [8, p. 487]. Aý, iniň çapawul etdi, çapawul! [8, p. 77].

In Persian, the verb “çapawullamak” is used in the form of کردن  چپاول (çäpawol kärdän). The first چپاول (çäpawol) part of this verb is considered to be the root of the Turkmen word “çapawul”. This word functions as a noun in Persian with the preposition (چی çi,گر gär). In Persian, the second part of this verb is the participle کردن (kärdän), the verb “etmek” and the verb فعل کمکی (fe’l-e komäki) serves as an auxiliary verb.  As in the Turkmen language, this verb is also used in the Persian language in the sense of “talaňçylyk işi bilen meşgullanmak, ýagmalamak” [22, p. 137]. For instance: مال جماعت را چپاول کرده برده اند Jemagatyň mal-mülküni çapawullap äkitdiler. قافله زیادی را چپاول کردند Köp taýpany çapawulladyla  [23, p. 2292].

In the Turkmen language, the verb “gapmak” is derived from the ancient Turkmen (Turkic) word “gap” and is found in meanings such as “tutmak, dişlemek, agyz salmak, ele salmak” [14, p. 157]. For example: Ol gaýmalaşyp gelýän ownuk kagyz bölejikleriniň birini hem ýere gaçyrman gapyp almagyň hötdesinden gelipdir [13, p. 445]. Düýe köşegini gowy görse, hem deper hem gapar [13, p. 375].

In Persian, the verb “gapmak” is used in the form of قاپیدن  (gapidän), قاپ زدن  (gap zädän). The root of this verb قاپ (gap) comes from Turkic languages to Persian. This word is not used as a lexical item with independent meaning. As in the Turkmen language, this verb corresponds to the meanings of “tutmak, dişlemek, agyz salmak, ele salmak” in the Persian language [22, p. 196]. For example: سگ پای او را قاپید It onuň aýagyny gapdy. اسکناس را که هنوز در هوا معلق می زد قاپیدند Heniz howada gaýmalap ýören puly gapdylar [23, p. 5441].

Turkmen and Persian languages are not relative languages. Each of them belongs to a separate language families. The verbs that are the object of this analysis called the use of Turkmen (Turkic) root verbs in the Persian language, the words of the two peoples’ vocabulary were analyzed from the etymological and historical point of view of the language and their interaction with each other.

The unique grammatical features of the endings of the Turkmen language are specially studied by the linguist M. Hydyrov from a historical point of view and are presented in detail. In the book “Türkmen diliniň grammatikasy. Morfologiýa” [6; 471], the words are included in the group of auxiliary words and are presented as words that differ in their unique lexical-grammatical characteristics. Bilen, ýaly, sumak, tetelli, dek, kimin, üçin, sebäpli, zerarly, jähtli, boýunça, hakda, barada, dogruda, arkaly, bäri, boýy, tarapyndan, saýyn, sary, hökmünde, mynasybetli, taýdan, çenli, çemeli, çemesi, möçberi, töweregi, tarap, bakan, göra, garşy, golaý, ýakyn, garanda, seredende, garaman, garamazdan, bakmazdan, öň, öňinçä, soň, soňra, başga özge, gaýry, aňryk, beýläk, şeýläk, yaňa, ötri, beter, artyk, zyýat, zyýada, daşary, gowrak and etc. are included to the group of connectives. They show different types of grammatical meaning relationships such as scope, time, direction, ability, cause, purpose, simile, comparison.

Grammatical semantic relationships similar to the connectives of the Turkmen language (scope, time, direction, ability, cause, purpose, simile, comparison) such as ta, bi, na, az, sehele, and wah, and some special words. When Turkmen texts are translated, it can be seen more clearly that Turkmen connectives and Persian prepositions perform the same grammatical function. Examples include:

Purpose connectives and their prepositional phrases in Persian:

Şeýle gymmatlyklary döretmek üçinbolsa ensiklopediki  aň-düşünjäniň bolmagy zerur. [5;44]

برای نگارش چنین ارزشها پی داشتن تبحر ومعلومات همه جانبه، مطالعه کتاب وتحقیقات پی در پی ضروریست.

     Hormatly Prezidentimiz Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow bu sogap işleriň,        ýagny olary toplamagyň we türkmen okyjysyna ýetirmegiň aladasy bilen                ýaşaýar, onuň üçin ähli mümkinçilikler döredýär, hemaýat edýär.  [5;34]

قربانقلی بردیمحمدوفرئیس جمهور ترکمنستانجهت جمع آواری آثار ارزشمند و ارائه آنها مطالعه کنندگان ترکمن تلاش فرا.انی منوده و برای این منظور تمامی امکانات لازم را فراهم می سازند.

Ine, indiki gezek Bama gideniňde şu pullaryňỳ etenine köỳnekli kak mata, balaklyk üçin hem garamata alyp gel. [3;58]

پس هنگام رفتن به بم برای این پولها پارچه سفید، برای دوخت شلوار پارچه سیاه را بیاور.

Kuwwat pälwan öỳüne dolanyp  gelip, ỳüze çykan ahwalata düşünmek üçin  kelle döwüp başlaỳar. [3;19]

پهلوان قوت با بازگشت به خانه، برای درک به رویداد رخ شد وفکر می کند.

Sizi ỳykyp, baỳrak almak üçin gelendir-ä öỳtmäň.[3;18]

فکر نکنید که با افتادن شما  برای کسب جایزه بیامدم.

Ol soňra Watan ugrundaky söweşlere gatnaşyp, türkmeniň goç ýigidine mahsus bolan edermenlik görkezýär, söweşleriň birinde agyr ýaralanýar. [5;13]

سپس وی در نبردهای میهنی مشارکت نموده و از خود قهرمانی ها  و دلاوری های  و شجاعت کم نظیر ، مخصوص فرزندان غیور ترکمن را به نمایش می گذارد و در یکی از این نبرد  و ستیزها شدیداً مجروح می شود.

Cause connectives and their prepositional phrases in Persian:

In the Turkmen language, the cause connectives such as sebäpli, zerarly, çünki, üçin, in the Persian language, have the same meaning as از این جهت که, به این سبب که, زیرا. It shows the state of the movement, the cause and purpose of its occurrence. For example:

     Eger şol syr Gara batyryň öz syry bolan bolsa, ol muny Dykma serdardan gizläp durmasa-da durmazdy. Sebäbi ol Öwezmyrat batyryň aýdanlaryna garaman, heniz Dykma serdara ynanýardy. [4;19]

 از این جهت که او به گفته های اوزمراد باتر نظر نمی کرد و به دکمه سردار باور می کرد.

Elbetde, barly-gurply hem hossarly adamlaryň neslinden bolsaň, dönükler begenýär. Sebäbi onuň bahasy gymmat boljak, düşewündi kän boljak. [4;36]

به این سبب که قیمت آن گران خواهد شد و سودمند می شود

Asyl men bu zatlary ýadymdanam çykarypdyryn. Sebäbi öz doganlarymyň ýanynda gadyrym bolmansoň, ilden hiç zady aýyp eder ýaly däldi.[4;37]

 زیرا من در کنار برادرانم قدر نداشتم به همین دلیل از دیگران عیب جویی نمی کنم.

Ol eýýäm gylyjynyň baljagyny ýazdyrypdy. Sebäbi meniň ýaly gedaý öldi, it öldi tapawudy ýokdy.[4;39]

زیرا تفاوتی نداشت که قدایی مثل من بمیرد یا یک سگ بمیرد

Meniň ýaly gapy syryp ýören gedaýyň kellesini alyp: “ Aý, bu jansyz, dönük” diýip, kellesini derwezeden asýardylar. Sebäbi olarda hossar ýok. [4;39]

زیرا آنها کمک کسی را نداشتند.

–         Ýok, ýok ýöne soraýdym – diýip, Stepan syr bildirmedi. – Sebäbi sen öz demirgyryňy gaty görýärsiň. [4;41]

زیرا تو آهنگ خود را محکم می دانی.

Serdaryň endamy jümşüldäp, depesiniň tüýi üýşüp gitdi. Sebäbi Dykma serdaryň iň mekir, iň gorkuly hasaplanýany Öwezmyrat batyr hem onuň atlysydy. [4;50]

زیرا اوزمراد باتر که مکار و ترسناکتر از دکمه سردار به حسات می آمد پدر او بود

Similes, comparative connectives and Persian prepostional phrases

Words such as ýaly, kimin, dek, deý ýaly which are used in the Turkmen language, are similar in meaning to the prepositional phrases , مانند ,چنین, used in the Persian language. Whatever they are, they indicate that a thing, a situation, an event, or a movement is caused by another thing, event, situation, or movement. In Turkmen language, these auxiliary words can be preceded by words belonging to different word groups (nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, modal words, as well as, in rare cases, numbers). This situation can be observed in Persian language as well. For example:

Birdenem asman ähli suwuny döken ỳaly  dünỳäni suw sil edip, çagba geldi… [3;9]

 ناگهان از آسمان باران شدیدی بارید و همه جارا آب فرا گرفت گویا که آسمان همه آبهایش را به زمین ریخته است.

Ỳeriň ỳüzünde nämeleriň bolup geçỳänligini görmäge  gyssanỳan ỳaly, Günem lowurdap dogdy.[3;9]

آفتاب شتابانه نورخودرا به زمین شعله ور ساخت مثل اینکه برای دانستن اتفاقات روی زمین عجله دارد.

Dyňzap gelen şatlyk onuň damagyna doldy-da, gözleri nemlenen  ỳaly boldy.[3;9]

شادی و سرور ناگهانی بغض گویش را گرفت مثل اینکه از چشمانش پرنم شد.

Ỳöne ol bular ỳaly köpçülikde  aỳan ediljek syr däl. [3;23]   

اما او سری نیست که در چنین جمعیتی آشکار گردد

Mähri-mylakatly , mähek ỳaly çagajyk enesiniň iň söỳgüli agtygy bolup galdy. [3;34]

طفلک خوش گفتار،  مانند سنگ محک عزیزترین نوه مادر بزرگش شد

Dynç alyş güni anna güni bolansoň, onuň öň ỳanyndaky penşenbede geçirilỳän sapaklar göwnüňe  uzyn, kyn ỳaly bolup duỳulỳardy. [3;37]

چون جمعه روز تعطیل است چنین احساس می کردم که دروس روز پنج شنبه درازتر و مشکل تر است

Käte-käte ol özüni  bu ak telpekli , syratly adam bilen ỳüzbe-ỳüz  oturyp gürleşỳän ỳaly duỳdy.[3;50]

 گاه گاهی او احساس می کرد مثل روبروی این شخص خوش قیافه که کلاه سفیدی سر دارد نشسته است و با او حرف می زند.

Berdimuhamet içi üzülen ỳaly, agyr duỳga gaplandy.[3;62]

 بردی محمد گویا درد درونش پیدا شده باشد به احساس سنگینی فرو رفت

Ol öỳjügi gorjalan arylar ỳaly, hüzzerilip daşyny gaplap duranlaryň  hemmesini utỳardy.[3;65]

او مانند زنبورهای که خانه شان را خراب کرده باشد، با یک حرکت عجولانه اشخاص دورا دور خودرا در بازی شطرنج می برد
Kuwwat pälwanyň  bäsdeşini  dyzyna alyp, ỳerden bir göterenden soň, entek  onuň emelinden gutaran pälwan  çille mes iner kimin  kükredi. [3;2

پس از اینکه پهلوان قوه، رقیب خود را بر زانو گرفته یکدفعه از زمین بالا برده است، هنوز پهلوانی که از عمل او نجات پیدا کرده مثل غرش فعره کشید.

Öwezmyrat ýaly arslan kimin täze doganymy şol namart doganlarym ýalylaryň müňüsi bilen çalyşman. [4;33]

برادر جدیدم که مانند اوزمراد باتر است را با هزاران برادران نامردعوض نمی کنم.

It is important to study Turkmen connectives and Persian prepositional phrases in such meaning and usage. On the one hand, this facilitates and speeds up language learning, and on the other hand, it ensures the reliability of language learning, the student’s deep understanding of the grammatical features of the professional language, and their correct use.