A neologism (Greek νεολογισμός [neologismos], from νέος [neos] new + λόγος [logos] word, speech, discourse + suffix -ισμός [-ismos] -ism) is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (coined) – often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. Neologisms are especially useful in identifying inventions, new phenomena, or old ideas which have taken on a new cultural context. The term e-mail, as used today, is an example of a neologism. Neologisms are by definition “new”, and as such are often directly attributable to a specific individual, publication, period or event. The term neologism was itself coined around 1800; so for some time in the early 19th Century, the word neologism was itself a neologism. Neologisms can also refer to an existing word or phrase which has been assigned a new meaning”.
We live in a society that constantly develops. New objects in different spheres arise and they need to be named. That is why no science can exist without neologisms, new words. Though the neologisms dominate in the field of knowledge, other people, not only scientists, can also feel the necessity to express and interpret reality by new ways and create new words that would reflect it. Sometimes old words receive new meaning, change their word category or get new affixes or suffixes.
If we want to come across a neologism we do not have to search for it very strenuously. Every day the mass media and advertisements want to attract our attention and one way for achieving it is creating of new words. We notice immediately that our vocabulary does not contain the created word and we start to think about it. Also many marketing strategies are based on this principle. We are flooded by these words through television, we can see them on billb Many neologisms have come from popular literature, and tend to appear in different forms. Most commonly, they are simply taken from a word used in the narrative of a book; for instance, McJob (McJob is slang for a low-pay, low-prestige job that requires few skills and offers very little chance of intracompany advancement. The term comes from the fast-food restaurant McDonald’s, but applies to any low-status job where little training is required and workers’ activities are tightly regulated by managers. Most perceived McJobs are in the service industry, particularly fast food, copy shops, and retail sales.). The term is used to emphasize the fact that many desirable middle-class jobs are being eliminated, either due to productivity gains (often the result of automation) or due to the shifting of operations to second- or third-world countries where labor costs are cheaper. For example, manufacturing, call-center, accounting, and computer programming jobs are not as abundant in developed countries, as they used to be, as firms have looked abroad to meet these needs, frustrating many people who used to work in these industries. These displaced workers often spent many years gaining specialized education, training, and experience, and don’t want to start over at the bottom rung in a new industry. However, many older workers may have no choice but to take a “McJob”, because an employer will prefer to hire a younger person who has just finished college for an entry level job.
The term was coined in 1991 in Douglas Coupland’s book Generation X: Tales For An Accelerated Culture. The word McJob was added to the Merriam-Webster dictionary in late 2003.[1, 35].
Sometimes the title of the book becomes a neologism. For instance, Catch-22 (from the title of Joseph Heller’s novel) and Generation X (from the title of Coupland’s novel) have become part of the vocabulary of many English-speakers. Catch-22 is a 1961 novel by Joseph Heller about the madness of war. Specifically, it follows Yossarian and a number of other American airmen during World War II, based on the island of Pianosa, south of Italy. (A magazine excerpt from the novel was originally published as “Catch-18,” but Heller changed the title after another World War II novel, Leon Uris’s Mila 18, was published.) Also worthy of note is the case in which the author’s name becomes the neologism, although the term is sometimes based on only one work of that author. This includes such words as Orwellian (from George Orwell, referring to his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four) and Ballardesque (from J.G. Ballard, author of Crash). Kurt Vonnegut’s Cat’s Cradle was the container of the Bokononism family of Nonce words. The word “sadistic” is derived from the cruel sexual practices Marquis de Sade described in his novels. Kurt Vonnegut’s Cat’s Cradle was the container of the Bokononism family of nonce words. [1, 18].
Another category is words derived from famous characters in literature, such as quixotic (referring to the titular character in Don Quixote de la Mancha by Cervantes), a scrooge (from the main character in Dickens’s A Christmas Carol), or a pollyanna (from Eleanor H. Porter’s book of the same name). James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake, composed in a uniquely complex linguistic style, coined the words monomyth and quark.
Lewis Carroll has been called “the king of neologistic poems” because of his poem, “Jabberwocky”, which incorporated dozens of invented words. The early modern English prose writings of Sir Thomas Browne are the source of many neologisms as recorded by the OED (Oxford English Dictionary). The children’s book Frindle by Andrew Clements is a story about neologism.
Popular examples of neologism can be found in science, fiction, branding, literature, linguistic and popular culture. Examples include laser (1960) from Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, robotics (1941), genocide (1943), and agitprop (1930s). [2, 26].
Many neologisms have come from popular literature and tend to appear in different forms. Most commonly, they are simply taken from a word used in the narrative of a book; a few representative examples are: “grok” (to achieve complete intuitive understanding), from Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert A. Heinlein
Every day different organizations and enterprises, scientists and scholars offer new words, word-combinations and phrases to name things. These new words may be equivalents for the already existing terms or may denote something new. For example, the International Society for Animal Rights (ISAR) in the USA, having met problems with too many no longer needed cats and dogs in America, has proposed the new term “pet overpopulation” to be included into English dictionaries. This term may be explained as – too many animals suffer from being abandoned by their owners and are to be subjected to euthanasia.
The former president of the USA Bill Clinton often used the word “gridlock” when he talked about difficult situations. But in the majority of dictionaries we can find only the translation of its compounds: grid is translated as решетка or сеть and lock as замок or шлюз. But the new meaning of this word is тупик, безвыходное положение.
Internet has greatly promoted language change. A neologism used on the Internetis spread almost instantly to readers who are miles away from the physical
location of the creation of this word. In today’s wired world, neologism appearing
on the web also enters verbal communications in people’s real life, Internet, , has provided rapid sharing of information to 40 million registered users. It has greatly amplified the influence of neologism, by giving web browsers a chance to quote a neologist unlimited times to an infinite number of audience who might adapt intuitively this very expression at various degrees to suit certain contexts. In this process, a neologism gradually transforms into a real-life linguistic being.
The Internet and computers in particular have spawned a large and specialized jargon. For example, the prefix “e-” is particularly productive in generating new terms such as e-mail, e-commerce, e-solution, e-vite, e-newsletter, e-book, e-publishing, e-politics and egovernment, to name just a very few. e- can be added to almost any term to create a reference to the online computer world. The prefix e- is also unique in that it is only a single letter. Although there are
other instances of neologisms being formed in English from other single letter prefixes (eg. Algeo 1998: he points to A-bomb, F-word, S-curve, U-boat, V-neck and G-string), none of these are productive in that they can attach themselves to numerous other words in the same way that e- can. ”:[2, 48].
The main difficulty in the translation of neologism is in understanding the meaning of the new word. And if a translator already knows the meaning of the neologism it is easy enough for him to translate it.
As a rule new words appear on the basis of already existing words and morphemes. The analysis of these words and morphemes can help the translator to understand the meaning of neologism.
Particularly the translation of neologism, which meaning has already known to translator, the mission is more easy and it solves by the way of using means, being suspended for the type of the word which belongs to that neologism.
If the new word absents in English-Armenian dictionary, as it is need to try to find it in English-English dictionary.
There are ‘’New words Sections’’ in many famous dictionaries. A list of neologisms is presented bellow. Each list contains ‘new’ words beginning from 2000 up to our days . According to our system, new words are those which have not occurred in previously processed newspaper text of the same type. They are therefore not all new coinages.
The new words offered to you have been selected on an arbitrary basis, as ‘interesting or amusing’ examples.
Neologisms of 2000
- weaselings – »
e.g. It forces every one of us to look into ourselves and decide what’s right. It allows no political weaselings. No hiding place.
- battle-rallying – Ïáã (Ñé»ïáñ³Ï³Ý Ïáã)
e.g. It was the prime minister’s bid for a major part on the global stage, and it was used to justify his passionate advocacy of military intervention in Kosovo, at a cost of some £5 bn. Now a test looms, determining whether that was simply battle-rallying rhetoric or the first sketch of a consistent political vision.

2005
Flunkophobia –
Meaning: Fear of failure.
Usage: Everytime I gave the Machine Drawing test, I used to have seizures of flunkophobia.
Pronunciation: Flunk-ko-phobia.
Root: To flunk is to fail.
Spliterature -
Usage : The Brad-Jen spliterature ate up quite a few rain forests.
Pronunciation: sounds like literature
Root : Split + literature
Zippie –
Meaning: A young person who is always in a rush.
Usage: “Just ask that zippie to spare a moment to listen to me will you,” commanded father to mother about son.
Pronunciation: Zip-ee
Root: zip & hippie
Gastrolepidopia –
Meaning: The state of having butterflies in your stomach.
Usage: Gastrolepidopia is the reason why many great communicators make goofy speeches.
Pronunciation: Gas-tro-lay-pee-dopey-ah.
Root: Gastro (stomach in greek) + Lepido (as in butterfly in greek).
Nakeup -
Nakeup: The feeling of nakedness experienced by some women when they are not using make up.
Usage:She felt embarrassed when he barged in especially since she was nakeup.
Pronunciation: Nake (as in snake)- up
Origin: Naked & make-up.
302 –
Meaning: A murderer.
Usage: It’s difficult to be non violent when you’re in the company of 302s.
Pronunciation: Three-knot-two.
Root: Section 302 pertains to murder in the Indian and British penal code
Boeing 404 –
Meaning: A missing plane.
Usage: Mayday! Mayday! We have a Boeing 404!
Pronunciation: Bo-ing-four-knot-four
Root: 404 is the error message flashed in the web world for ‘not found’ or ‘missing’. And Boeing has this habit of giving 3-digit names to its aircrafts like 747 or 707
2006
Xenohow գիտելիք այլմոլորակայինների և նրանց վարքի մասին
Meaning: Knowledge on aliens and their behaviour.
Pronunciation: Xee-know-how.
Usage: Life would have been far more interesting if I had acquired xenohow instead of a degree in mining engineering.
Root: Xeno (alien) + Knowhow (knowledge).
Fisterical անկառավարելիորեն բռնի
Meaning: Uncontrollably violent.
Pronunciation: Fist-terry-cull.
Usage: The English hooligans turned fisterical when England where denied the penalty.
Root: So hysterical that one gets into fistcuffs.
Heetotaller մեկը ով հեռու է մնում տղամարդկանցից
Meaning: Someone who abstains from men.
Pronounciation: He+tow+tull+er
Usage: Been in a relationship? Then you’ll know the advantages of being a heetotaller!
Root: He+Teetotaller (One who abstains completely from alcoholic beverages)
Related word: Shetotaller
Loutspeaker –
Meaning: A stupid person speaking to an audience
Pronunciation: Rhymes with loudspeaker
Usage: Most politicians are loutspeakers
Root: Lout + Loudspeaker
Clicktomaniac –
Meaning: He who steals mice and other input devices
Pronunciation: Clik-toh-maniac
Usage: Our office IT guy is a clicktomaniac
Root: Click (mouse-click) + Kleptomaniac
Pseudopolyglot –
Meaning: One who pretends to know many languages.
Pronunciation: Sew-do-poly-glot.
Usage: With a massive vocabulary of 8000 English words, 3 French words, 2 German words and 1 Esperanto word, I passed myself off as a polyglot. But I guess wordminters will call me a pseudopolyglot.
Root: Pseudo (Fake) + Polyglot (One who speaks many languages).

Blissterical անկառավարելիորեն երջանիկ
Meaning: Being uncontrollably happy.
Pronunciation: Bliss-teri-cull.
Usage: Disneyland makes children go blissterical.
Root: Bliss + Hysterical.
Budrenaline բուդրենալին, ալկոհոլի մեծ քանակություն օրգանիզմում
Meaning: High on alcohol.
Pronunciation: Bud-ri-na-lin.
Usage: 7 out of 10 road accidents at night can be blamed on the budrenaline rush.
Root: Bud (nick for Budweiser) + Adrenaline (State of excitement).
2010
Nobile – մարդ, որը չի սիրում բջջային հեռախոս
Meaning: One who hates to carry a mobile.
Pronunciation: No-bile.
Usage: Nobile young men are not neanderthals or luddites. They are the future of mankind.
Root: No + Mobile.
Buycarbonate ադամանդամոլ
Meaning: A habitual diamond shopper.
Pronunciation: Buy-carb-bun-ate.
Usage: Women turn buycarbonates as a response for hooking up with jerks.
Root: Buy (shop) + Carbon (diamond is carbon stone) + -ate (one who does).

January 21, 2011
Chessperanto- շախմատային խոսք
Meaning: Chess-speak.
Pronunciation: Chess-per-rant-toe.
Usage: In Chessperanto, f3e5 g4qh4 means, ‘Fool, you got mated in two moves!’
January 22, 2011
Baatankwad-
Meaning: Bamboozling with verbal threats. Pronunciation: Bath-thunk-vaadh.
Usage: China doesn’t believe in diplomacy. It just bullies countries with baatankwad.
Root: Baat (Hindi for talk) + Aatankwad (Hindi for terrorism).
The analysis of neologisms in English allows us to come to the following conclusions:
1. A neologis is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (coined) – often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary.
2. Neologisms tend to occur more often in cultures which are rapidly changing, and also in situations where there is easy and fast propagation of information.
3. Many neologisms have come from popular literature, and tend to appear in different forms. Most commonly, they are simply taken from a word used in the narrative of a book.
4. Neologisms often become popular by way of mass media, the internet, or word of mouth.
5. The Internet and computers in particular have spawned a large and specialized jargon. The prefix “e-” is particularly productive in generating new terms.

- Books:
J. Ayto – A Century of New Words. Oxford University Press.- 2006.
J. Algeo – Fifty Years among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms. Oxford University Press.- 1991.
- Электронные ресурсы (Ресурсы Интернет):
List of English neologisms[Электронный ресурс]
- Режим доступа: http://wordmint.blogspot.com/2011/04/dressignation.html

The literature of Turkic people original, rich, historically endless literature in the completely literary world. Poet-writers who came from Turkic language people, added many-faceted contribution to the world literary treasure. It is enough to mention Chyngyz Aytmatov’s name from Kyrgyz literature; Muhtar Auezov’s name from Kazakh literature; Berdy Kerbabaev’s name from Turkmen literature; Mustai  Karim”s name from Bashkyr literature; Rasul Gamzatov’s name from Avar literature; Ziya Samidi’s name from Uygur literature  and others. Therefore, Turkic language speaking people’s literature is considered polyphonic, exotic one from ideological-thematic point of view.

One of the ancient Turkic nations – Uighur people’s culture and literature includes “Garip and Sanam”, which was the head of folklores and art, which has been growing from ancient times. In the history, theirs appreciable melodious, popular kariz, diversified treatises, which were written in old Uygur language, prove that fact, they are ancient people by a number of searchers who were interested in it deeply.

Time passed, centuries have changed, Uighur literature’s period was developing constantly, and now in universities of Turkic language countries , for instance, in Kyrgyzstan, the subject “Turkic language speaking people’s literature” is conducted, including  Uygur poet-writers’ too. The interest of young generations is caused by images of creative people, especially Abdulhalik Uygur, Lutpulla Mutallip, Bilal Azizi, Abdurehim Otkur. Moreover, they developed modern Uygur literature during the period of Soviet Uygur literature.

“20.Yüyzilinda baslarinda dünyada ceryan eden degisiklere parallel Dogu Türkistan Uighur Edebiyati esarete, yülme, cehalete karsi mücadele dalgalandirildi. Bu edebiyatin bazraktarligini büzük mücahid alim ve yazar Adülkadir Binni Abdulvaris Azizi, gazeteci yazar Kutluk Sevki, mücahid sair Abdulhalik Uighur, Sair ve egitimci Mehmet Ali Tefikler yapti.” [1.18]- as the researcher  Mahmut Kashgarli wrote, that the first part of XX century  the  poets, which are mentioned above, were fighting for the independence of their nation with poems, in which  they gave their own opinions and during the fight with unfairness, they stood against unjustice with the help of their labour and also with power of words. Of course, we can come across with such actions in some sources, where the type of period, conditions of life, unjust attitude were required.

The 1930-1940s of XX century, were the years for young poets’ creativity, who wrote poems on the ideal-thematic features, thinking about their nation’s future, taking care of the nation, endeavoring for patriot soul and new achievements. In 1921-year in Turfan, the following strokes were written,and quickly distributed among people

Ey fakir Uighur, Uyan uykun yeter,

Sende mal yok, simdi gitse can gider.

Bu ölümden kendini kurtarmaysan

Ah!…Senin halin hater, halin hater.

Kalk dedim, basini kaldir…Uzkunu ac!

Rakibin basini kes, kanini sac!

Göy acip etrafina izice bakmasan,

Ölürsun armanda bir gün, zo ilac! [1.22]

The author of the poem „Uyan“ („Wake Up“) Abdulhalik Uygur (1896-1932) who  was shown as scholar in A. Narynbaev’s works, made them wake up those who were afraid of calling them Uighur, encourages to fight the people, who used pseudonymous  “Uygur”. The poet was educated and knew Arab, Farce, Mongol, Chinese, Russian languages, was an intelligent. On his way abroad with his father’s trade, for example after having seen Russia, he analyzed conditions of local people, and familiarized the ways against inequality. From that, when he came back to his motherland and to his nation, he saw bad conditions of Uighurs, and poet stood against them with both ways, in other words, with weapons and words. In parallel with Abdulhalik Uygur, his compatriot Mehmet Ali Tevpik (1901-1937) also in his poem “Kalkin gidelim” challenged his nation against for unintelligence:

Kalkin gidelim düsmani kovalim,

Nadanliklara karsi duralim.

Mars mars haydi arkadas.

Gösindeki atesini sac. [1.30] – he wrote.

Injustice punishment,  people’s stagnated condition, lack of new methods of teaching, such as advanced people of society A. Uighur, L. Mutallip, B. Azizi, Nim Shehit, M. Tevpik were oppressed, they expressed their inside regrets, interior torments through poems, and in my opinion, their efforts were not in vein. Mehmet Ali Tevpik paid attention to Patriotic morale of poets and parallel to educational publicity, he opened new modern schools. He had built schools in Artush and in a few villages, and created his poet “Biz-muallim”.

Biz-Muallim! Yurtlarda mektep aciyoruz,

Halkimiza günes gibi nurlar sacizoruy.

Uyun yillar zulmette kalip har olduk,

Ilim-irfan zoluna biy tek entizar olduk.

Bizim yürüdügümüz yol saadet yolu,

Biz vatanin yeniden acilan gülü. [3.21]

The poet is seemed to express his likeness for education, school, and through of this, includes the opinion of finding solution that young generation of Uighurs must get education, wake up, fight for independence of their nation. Poet’s “Okudu asti”, “Kurtulus yolunda”, “Vatan icin” inner contemplating is very strong.

Alongside above-mentioned poets, we have to mention Lutpulla Mutallip’s (1922-1945) name. Because, L. Mutallip is well-known poet for the whole East Turkestan, Central Asia. The poet looked to the life with another point of view, as an active person. For formation of special literal point of view, his teacher poet-democrat, educator, journalist Anvar Nasiri’s role was also great. He shaped his loving feelings of freedom, critical point of view from the  poets of Alisher Navoi, B. Nazim, Abdulla Tokay. Moreover, he learned Russian language due to understand revolutionary ideas of Chernyshevskiy, Plehanov, Lenin’s fictions and writings. He reached his goal, and wrote articles such as “Pushkin – is prominent son of Russian people”, “Mayakovski – is the flag of the soviet union”.

Chinese government was afraid of the poet’s dignity and did not command to kill him, but he was exiled to Aksu. Nevertheless, an exile could not stop the poet’s ideological fighting, conversely it heightened. He worked in “Aksu magazine” and was able to write a lot of poems, and gave his opinions sub textually:

“Duygularim”

… Nevayi gömülmüs degil topraga,

Yüregi sigmiyor, alem gibi mezara.

Ruhu semada Allaha ulasizor,

Onun mezarini sazfalarda ara,

Türbesini misralarinda ara, [1.45]

Lutpulla Mutallip felt that he would die and tried to give his opinions in his poems. In reality, in spite of the his death , he left as an inheritance his poets, literature and the art studies, literal articles, aphorisms, which nowadays we are still studying.

As a conclusion, 1930-1940-years Uygur poets: A. Uygur, L. Mutallip, M. Tevpik, N. Shehit and others’ poetry was strong from ideological side which was spread among the people, and in fighting for freedom theirs’ name were briefly mentioned.  Those above mentioned poets were young in their early ages; they sacrificed their lives for their nation, for freedom. Thematic orientation of the poets’ literary works were for the legitimate of freedom, liberty, struggle, patriotism, enlightenment, and developing of culture.

Turkmen people have created their unique traditions, unique poems, dessans that are not found in any other people, and in general, all the values ​​related to folklore. It can be clearly seen in Turkish literature, culture and history too.

A linguist should not only know the language he studied, so he should also know the literature, history, culture, politics and economics of that language. In this way, the literature of each country creates the basis of the culture of the people of that country, the history of the country, and the worldview of the people.
The problem of dividing Turkish literature into periods according to its characteristics was one of the most difficult problems for literary scholars, because, first of all, collecting the works written throughout the history that can be called literature, finding their authors, if there are any, and reviewing the works. It was necessary to analyze its details, to find out that it has changed in the era, to study the life of poets of the past, and to solve dozens of problems, such as slaves, on a scientific basis. This is a literary heritage that needs to be collected and not told. Among the scholars who study Turkish literature, there will be different conflicting opinions regarding the division of Turkish literature into periods. In this matter, the literature students put before themselves, first of all, the general and very important question: «Where and when did the history of  Turkish literature  begin?» and as a result of great debates, they came to the conclusion that the beginning of Turkish literature should be traced back to the period of the first writing among the Turkic peoples. Based on the conclusion, Turkish literature is divided into three major periods: Turkish literature of the pre-Islamic era, Turkish literature that was born under the influence of Islam, Turkish literature that developed under the influence of Western European culture, Turkish literature began to be studied. After the history of literature was divided into main periods, the sources related to those periods were collected and studied with the efforts of recent scholars. They were grouped into different groups according to their characteristics, and as a result, major literary periods were also divided into different literatures and literary streams. Scholars who study the history of poetry divide Turkish literature into periods in their division, they gave a great answer to the history of the Turkish nation, to the events that took place in this region, and to the literary movement of the country. The literary scholar Agah Syrry Lewend expresses his opinion on dividing Turkish literature into historical periods: “There is no correct way to do this except by taking the major historical events as the basis. There are mainly two turning points in the history of Turkey. These turning points opened the eyes of Turkish history and marked the beginning of new eras. One of these turning points was the adoption of Islam, and the other was the adoption of Western European civilization. Here, we will divide Turkish literature into periods according to historical turning points.”

The first period of Turkish literature should be mentioned above, it is the Turkish literature of the time. Scholars who study Turkish literature consider this period of literature to be a literature full of unfinished and undiscovered works and literary values. turkish literary tradition is divided into two groups: called written literature.It should be directly related to the folklore of the Turkic peoples who lived in Central (Central) Asia, especially the Turkmens, because all the mentioned literary works can be found in the folklore of the Turkic peoples of Central Asia. all the Turkmens who lived in different regions of Central Asia built great states and created civilizations. The period of Turkish literature called oral literature from the prehistoric period consists of the concentrated literature of the literary organization created by the people in the period when writing had not yet appeared in the songs. , list the words of the ancestors It will include fairy tales, folk tales, narratives, epics, and dozens of similar works. This literary period covers the period from the 1st century BCE to the 4th century AD. The written literature of the Turkish literature of the tenth period from Islam starts from the period of the emergence of writing among the Turks, more precisely, from the 4th century. Although it is believed that writing was used by the Gokturks in the mentioned period, the first important works of written literature appeared in the 5th-6th centuries. Gokturk literary relics, Orkhon-Yenisei, Uyghur literary sources are the main sources and important works of this period.It can be considered as the second period of Turkish literature – the era of Islamic mystery, known as Turkish literature, after the Turks accepted Islam. It is the literature that originated from the foundations of Islam, Arabic literature, and the Islamic philosophy of Islamic literature, which originated from the fields of the VIII century and the beginning of the IX century. Literature is divided into periods called love folk literature.

After the official acceptance of Islam by Satuk Bugra Khan, the ruler of Garahan in 920, this religion began to influence the lives of the Turks. This can be seen in the works written by the poets and writers of that period. The period of Turkish literature under the influence of Islam up to the 13th century is different from the literature of the Central Asian Turkic peoples and Turkmen. In the section called «anonym folk literature» of this period, we mainly talk about folklore, unlike the folklore in pre-Islamic Turkish literature. It is safe to say that TASAVUF literature, or Sufism literature in other words, is the beginning of Anatolian Turkish literature. Because most of the famous writers who have been mentioned as the representatives of this literature grew up in Anatolia and their works are the works that describe the life of the Turkish people living in that land. It is a literature that originates in Anatolia. This literature, mainly aimed at the upper classes of the people, is Sufism (Tekke) folk literature and romantic folk literature, which is distinguished by its fertility – lasted for a century. During this period, famous divan poets such as Hoja Dehkhani, Ahmedi, Nevi, Kazi Burhaneddin Ahmet Pasha grew up under the influence of Islam. The section of Turkish literature called «love folk literature» was created in the XIII-XIV centuries by the efforts of poets in Anatolian villages. This literature, rich in written works, is Karajaoglan. Dadalogly, Katibi had brought dozens of famous poets to the world of literature. This literature, distinguished by the attractiveness, simplicity and clarity of the meaning of their works, has continued in Anatolia until recently.

The third period of Turkish literature is called Turkish literature, which was born under the influence of Western (European) culture In the literature of this period, it is good to see the world of Western, human and French food, literature, and literary currents.

The representatives of Western Turkish literature, which traces their origin (from Tanzimat literature) to the 60s of the 19th century, took a new to their literary creations and completely changed the foundations of Turkish literature. Therefore, this period of Turkish literature is considered to be the period of the revolution. This period of Turkish literature, which was created by the influence of the West and continues today, has its world-famous authors (Namyk Kemal, Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Yahya Kemal Beyatly, etc.) and their works (“Sung bird”, “Stranger’s daughter” and etc.) During this period, dozens of literary streams and literary proses appeared in Turkish literature

Turkish literature is also distinguished by its richness in literary ideas. Mainly, these literary works, which consist of poems and short stories, had a distinctive character compared to the above-mentioned literary periods. The early periods of Turkish literature are mainly rich in poetry. Even the concepts expressed through narratives in recent times are also expressed through cows. In Turkish literature, all aspects and dimensions of cows can be found. Their meanings are  according to literary periods. If the beliefs of the people at that time were related to their lifestyles, the poems written after the adoption of Islam were written in a way that was completely dependent on the principles of Islam. After all, the influence of Arabic and Persian poetry can be seen in the poems of this period. In Turkish poetry, qasidas, ghazals, masnavis, nubags, sarkirs, and poems are the most common forms of poetry, while the narrative form is most common in Turkish literature, which is unique in Western culture. In the literary views of this period, the mystery of European literary forms can be felt.

When talking about the rich literary heritage of Garajaoglan, first of all, it should be mentioned that he is a prominent representative of the famous love poetry in the history of Turkish peoples.  Who are the lovers?  To answer this question, it is necessary to pay attention to the characteristics of the origin of the culture of lovers.

In Turkmen literature, the folk song (love song), which is the basis of the national language and songs, traces its roots back to ancient times.  An example of this can be the creativity of Bakshis (singers) and poets who have a great reputation among the people.

If we look at the history of the Turkish tribes, they lived in a very large spaces in their ancient history.  They had no written literature.  Ancient poets were called by Turkic tribes in different ways.  People engaged in literary creation were called shaman in the Tungus, bo or bugue in the Buryats, oyun in the Yakuts, kam in the Altai, baksy or bagshi in the Kyrgyz, and poets in the Oghuz tribes.

After the adoption of Islam, it became a basic tradition for the Oghuz to consider their music as sacred.  If you pay attention, Grandfather Gorkut comes out from all sides with his music in his hands.  When Alys blesses the journey, and when the baby needs to be named, she always has music in her hands.  In «Gorogly» folk song, it is traditionally to express one’s words, wishes, and desires with music and words.  This tradition, which comes from the ancient Oguz poets, has become «yeast» for all Turkmen poets.

According to the Turkish scholar, professor Umay Gunai, poets have preserved their religious and literary qualities, and the representatives of this group were called lovers.

In the book «Dictionary of Literary Terms» by Rahman Rejepov, a well-known Turkmen scientist, this term is called «lover» and an explanation is given.

Lovers’ poems are widely used in Turkish literature at the beginning of the 16th century.  Poets such as Yunus Emre, Pir Soltan Abdal, Garajaoglan, Dadeliogly, Dertli are the main representatives of lovers’ poetry.  Although the representatives of this poetry are generally close to each other in terms of creative traditions, each of them has its own creative features.

In contrast to other representatives of lovers’ poetry, the concept of beauty gradually takes the main place in Garajaoglan’s poetry.  The poet regards beauty as the main sign of life and becomes its true light.  The desire to see beauty everywhere, to make life meaningful with beauty, to be motivated and inspired by beauty is a characteristic of Garajaoglan’s creativity.

The name of the famous poet of the 17th century Garajaoglan gained great popularity among the Turkmen people.  As a poet, Shahir did not introduce himself to the Turkic world, but his fate turned into a tragedy, and even though he lived in a foreign place, he took a worthy place with his sharp talent.

There are many different sources of information about the origin of Garajaoglan.  The poet mentions that he was born in 1606 in the following lines:

In one thousand and fifteen they called my name –

According to the available information, it is said that Garajaoglan is supposed to have lived Balkan, Sonudag, Gyzyletrek regions two centuries before Magtymguly.  In honor of Uzin Hasan, the ruler of the Akgoyunly Turkmen state, his parents named him Hasan, then he was called as Garajaoglan among the people, and his name Hasan was forgotten.  The poet died around 1679 or 1689.  Another information says that the poet lived till the age of 96 and died land of Jesel in Malash.

Garajaoglan has a unique creativity. As his poems are as sweet as the spring breeze, they are turning into songs by themselves. His except his Garajaoglan poetry, Garajaoglan was also a famous musician. Though there is no information about his family status and academic level, there is a lot of information that shows that he is a famous musician and singer-poet.  He traveled from country to country, province to province with a pen and a musical instrument and visited many cities and countries.  As it can be seen from his poems, the poet lived in cities and provinces such as Marash, Urfa, Aleppo, Damascus, Mumbuj, Egypt, Aydin, Ankara, Diyarbakir.  The poet created his poems for music.  His songs deserve the great love of our readers, and they are listened to with great pleasure.  This event itself informs that he is a poet who has won the love of people.  Let’s look at the following lines from the poem «Yaz bilen»:

… Wish I could go to Munbugaga, and wander in plains

Wish I could fresh water with ice

Wish I could have the right roads to Friend,

Wish I could have tongues like a nightingale,

Wish I could have lakes to row a boat,

Wish full of ducks and geese in it

As it can be seen from the lines of this poem, Garajaoglan informs about the poet’s keen talent and skill in expressing his views on friendship and brotherhood based on the wonders of nature – beautiful plains, stagnant water, and lakes.

Garajaoglan, who lived with the dream of returning to the land where he was born, was absorbed in his poems praising the beautiful nature of the Motherland. He often mentions the beautiful views of the huge Kopetdag, the ancient Karakum slopes, and brings to imagine us fancy the rich flora and fauna.  Irrelevant plains, mountains surrounded by thick forests, gardens, streams, grazing cattle, wild animals, birds, and hardworking livestock seem very warm to his eyes.  The gentle breeze blowing in the green field, the beautiful sight of various flowers, the sound of fountains and birds cheers him up:

The rain will fall, the flowers will blossom.

As the wind blows, it will bring the scent of flowers.

Yellow flowers will blossom everywhere

Your posy will be adorned with flowers, mountains.

Garajaoglan does not talk about human beauty, his high dignity, sacred love, country, friendship, unity, moral purity with simplicity. In every poem, he hits the grain of a person’s delicate feelings, awakens love for life, makes him remember the past – the future, get excited, passionate, be happy, sad, and think deeply.  Poems of the poet impress many people with their simple gentleness, easy and fluent reading, melodiousness and perfection.  The depth of his point of view, wisdom, wealth of thought, kind and warm love for man, the beauty of humanity awakens sweet dreams in the heart of every reader.

The life and creativity of Garajaoglan, the influence of his poems on the development of the literature of different countries, are widely studied not only in Turkmenistan and Turkey, but also in Europe and America.  Scientific conferences dedicated to the poet’s works are held, bibliographic works are published, films and  plays are staged.  Art works dedicated to Garajaolan are created.  Doctoral and candidate dissertations dedicated to his creativity are defended in scientific centers.

Garajaoglan left his people beautiful poems as haritage.  According to some sources, the poet has about 500 poem including 9000 verses. What’s more, there are four types of folk songs created about Garajaoglan.  Polish scientist Aleksandr Hodzko-Boreyko, Turkish ethnographer Aly Ryza Yalgyn, German scientist Klaus-Detlew Waning, Turkmen scientists A. Mulkamanov, Doctor of Linguistics and Literature Annagurban Ashyrov have the great contribuition to the study of the rich literary heritage of Garajaoglan.

Here in these poems, one of the things that should be studied is the development of the image of the traditional life of women. Certainly, both in folklore and in early classical literature there is an image of traditional Turkmen women. In fairy tales, legends and in various stories, women show themselves with their intelligence, diligence, business abilities, and resourcefulness. In such fairy tales as “The Poor’s Daughter Guljahan”, “Akpamyk”, “Dear Stepmother”, in the legend of Novai, Magtymguly and Kemine and in other stories, you can find many such artistic images.

In the ancient Oguz epic “Gorgut ata” Burla khatun, Banuchechek, in the epic”Gorogly” Gulendam, Aisoltan, in the poem “Shasenei-Garyp” by Shasenem, Akja kelin were depicted as they were in ordinary life. They contain the characters characteristic of Turkmen women, such as spiritual and moral values, wisdom, high humanity, high love for the Motherland, country, amazing beauty. But what has been said means that the Turkmen poets of the 18th century had examples from the past for creating images of women in their poems.

The development of such vitality in Turkmen poetry has not left its influence on Turkmen poetry. Written in this century in many poems you can see the movement of ordinary Turkmen women.

In XVIII century, Gurbanaly Magrupi and Abdilla Shabende contributed greatly to the development and enrichment of Turkmen sculpture. They brought some innovations to painting, including creating artistic images of brides.

Magrup’s essay “Yusup-Ahmet” praises military heroism, bravery, bravery, patriotism, and humility rather than arrogance. Yusup and Ahmet, being young, did not listen to the words of their uncle Bozagan Khan, overestimated their own strength, became arrogant, ignored the enemy, and faced great misfortune. They are taken captive by the Beautiful King and imprisoned for seven years. Then they experience a lot of oppression and realize their own mistakes. But it is late. In any case, Yusup and Ahmet, Shaile and Babagambar and others continue their struggle for freedom, independence, and the preservation of the independence of the country and the people. Brides are not left out in those struggles.

When Yusup, Ahmet, and Babagammar were lying alone in the dungeon, Karagöz, the daughter of the jailer, Hemze Mirsheb, came to them and received news from them. Joseph asked him to bring wood and stone so that he could build a pillar. He fulfills their request. Religion is not that either. Garagoz also brings them forty-one ingots. And then he looks at those in the dungeon. He does not deprive them of anything to eat and drink, but brings them curds and other necessities. This is what is said when you say:

“Hamze mirsheb had a daughter named Garagoz. She was a pure, bright, beautiful figure with a delicate body. One day that girl came and looked into the dungeon. She saw Yusup beg and Ahmet beg there and bowed to them…

Then Yusup Beg looked at it and said:

- O beauty! We are musicians. We are stuck in this dungeon and we are very dirty. Go, if you would bring me a wheelbarrow, or a mulberry tree, and a piece of silk, we would make it a mulberry tree, and we would make you a lot of trouble! – he said. After that, Karagoz Khan:

- Good luck! – he brought her fur, silk, and silk. He tied them together with forty-one ingots and threw them into the dungeon. At that time, Grandfather immediately jumped up, grabbed the hair with both hands, rubbed the hair over his eyes, then took the tesh in his hand and sat down. Babagammar cut down that tree and finished it. Ahmet beg opened the lid of the door. Joseph closed the curtains of the tent. They ate a fat meal, knocked on the doors of the house, looked at Garagoze and said something.

Let’s see with secret!

I loved you, Karagoz!

Let’s cut and salt my liver,

I have no more patience, Karagoz!

Karakoz then keeps in touch about the state of Yusup, Ahmed, Babagammar:

“… Karakoz Khan saw the beauty of these bays and left satisfied with a calm soul. She came home, cooked nine two- layer cakes, sprinkled with sugar on top, dedicated one ten to Yusuf Bey, dedicated the other nine to Ahmet Bey, and after preparing six cakes for Babagammar, she brought them with a ribbon for hair, handed over from the prison.

Threshold Karakoz, not being afraid of his father, the ruler of the country of King Gozel, sympathizes with Yusuf, Akhmet, Babagammar who ended up in prison. She knows that the case is serious and if this becomes known, she faces a big punishment and she makes sure that they do not suffer. She does everything possible so that they go free. here the deep meaning of the image of Karakoz is revealed. Her noble humanity, philanthropy, resourcefulness, courage, generosity, generosity are fully revealed. Karakoz help Yusup and Akhmet, as the most devoted fan would help, he takes under his wing. karakoz fear against the involuntary holding of a person, the humiliation and trampling of rights. There is no condescension in this image. Even if she is the daughter of a dungeon, she gives the impression of a simple girl of the people. Her life force is also strong.

The artistic image of Karakoz can be considered the most unique Artistic image in Turkmen writings.

The poem “Yusup and Ahmet” describes the life image of many women. They empathize with Yusup and Ahmed when they were in prison for seven years, worry about their path to freedom.

Yusup Beg is the governor of Khiva! He marries Erali Khan’s daughter Gulkhatyja. When Yusuf goes to prison, Gulkhatyja sends his giant cranes from the henhouse to bring a message. The cranes came to Mosul, the land of the beautiful king. Yusup, Ahmet and Babagammar go to the sleeping dungeon and return safely. After Külkhatija found out that their souls are resting in peace, the souls of Yusub’s mother Lagly and her sister Abadan are also resting. They wish for them to get out of prison and return safely to their country.

In this place, Gulhatija tries to dream of Yusup and Ahmed sending orders to find out how and where he is. But in the early times, they sent messages to distant lands through birds. In any case, this incident does not damage the vitality of Gulkhatija’s artistic image.

It helps to understand that he is deeply concerned about the fate of the main characters, and that he is deeply involved in the events of the story. Mahlasy gives a name to Gulharija Yusuf and Ahmedin Dessan. When they are released from prison, Gulkhatija welcomes them with a big party. In general, Gulkhatyja’s brave actions remind the bride and groom in “Gorkut ata” and “Gorogly” scenes and “Sayatly-Hemra” scenes.

As we can see, the artistic image of the bride and groom in Magrupy’s “Yusup-Ahmet” essay is clearly depicted, and they are deeply interested in the events described in the work. They are the freedom of the main characters. They do not hesitate to help in their struggle for independence.

From what has been said, studying the development of the literary and artistic image of brides in Turkmen dessans is one of the most important issues for today. Through these characters, it will be possible to encourage patriotism, philanthropy, loyalty, and humility in the younger generation. These characters and personalities of the brides are a model school. In our era of Great Revivals, one of the necessary tasks is to study the samples of our literary heritage.

Magtymguly Pyragy, the great son of the Turkmen people, is one of the Turkmens. He spent most of his life in Etrek, Gurgen, Garrygala regions. In the poem ” Äleme belgilidir” the poet says:

Ýaz geler, wagt-da gider, gaflata çykmyş gözlerim,

Açaýyn diýsem açylmaz, ne agyr uýkulydyr;

Bilmeýen soranlara aýdyň bu garyb adymyz:

Asly-gerkez, ýurdy-Etrek, ady-Magtymgulydyr.

Magtymguly Pyragy received his primary education from his father Dowletmammet Azadi. He writes about this: “The master who taught science is a priest.” Magtymguly was a man in hell. The feeling of traveling to many parts of the world is born in him at a young age. These trips broadened the worldview of the poet. Magtymguly was a well-known jeweler in addition to teaching, and made various ornaments from silver and gold. He set an example to the people with his good qualities and educated people with his wisdom.

The world of poetry of the master of words is the flowing source of Turkmen literature, which satisfies hearts thirsty for deep meaning and artistic words. Magtymguly composed many of his poems under the pseudonym Pyragy. In the poems of the wise poet Magtymguly Pyragy, ideas such as bravery, patriotism, purity of soul, respect for adults and children, love for nature, mercy, humanitarianism and kindness are put forward.

Magtymguly started his poetical career at a young age. In the work of the poet, the situations that are happening in all areas related to the period of his life are rationally evaluated through the artistic word. This is clearly evidenced by the concentration of many areas of life in the poet’s work. Poems of Magtymguly are kept as sacred books in the homes of every Turkmen.

In addition, Magtymguly Pyragy, like other prominent representatives of our classical literature, is a poet who skillfully managed to select only those of the proverbs that have an educational value and make them act under his control. That’s why Magtymguly Pyragy’s service is so great that proverbs have a deeper meaning in our lives. He created Turkmen proverbs by himself, as well as hundreds of lines of poems that he created have become proverbs.

The wise poet’s words: “Bisabyr gul tiz ýolugar belaga, sabyrly gul dura-bara şat bolar” has become a proverb. The master of the word “Boý satyn alyp ýamandan, baky ondan dynma barmy?” is similar to the proverb “Ýamandan boýuňy satyn al”.

The great thinker Magtymguly Pyragy called the Turkmens to unite and form a state. In his work, he is a poet who dreams of a strong Turkmen state, a wonderful age and a happy life. In his poem:

Pyragy, yşka ugraşdym,

Derýa girdim, möwje düşdüm,

Hor galmasyn puştba-puşdum,

Berkarar döwlet islärin

We realize that his dream has come true these days. This is a clear proof that the poet’s humanist ideas have become a reality of life with the efforts of the President.

During the Revival of the new era of the powerful state, there is great concern about passing down the Turkmen heritage of nobility and integrity from generation to generation, studying the cultural heritage left by great masters of speech, bringing it to the minds of young generations, and educating them in the qualities of patriotism, noble humanity, high morals, generosity, and honesty. is done.

All of us are proud that the 300th anniversary of the great poet’s birth will be celebrated in 2024 with the initiative of our Hero Arkadag, who spends on the priceless legacy of Magtymguly Pyragy. Also, the cultural park complex of Magtymgyly Pyragy and his statue will appear as a symbol of high respect for the great master of words.