Scientists try to find fragments or sediments of the Tunguska space impactor approximately during 100 years. It is known that a piece of glass substance with bubbles (0.5 kg) was already found near the Suslov’s depression during expedition of L.A.Kulik. Originally Kulik considered this melted glass sample as related to the Tunguska event [Kulik, 1939]. Later, that piece of glass was lost and Kulik’s opinion was not taken into consideration during long time. However, till now a part of scientists don’t exclude possibility, that considerable fragments of the Tunguska meteor body may be found [Vasilyev, 2004].

2. Traces of thermal influence
It is known that powerful thermal influence took place during the Tunguska impact and branches of trees were heated and burnt. The author carried out special experimental investigation for determination of thermal properties of tree’s rind and blast heat impulse. Obtained thermal properties were used for calculations of temperature distribution in cross section of branches. Heat impulse 13 – 30 J/cm² was determined during analysis with 2-D finite element method [Zlobin, 2007]. Such level of heat impulse was able to heat branches of trees, but was not able to make melting of stones on the ground. Heat impulse during the Tunguska explosion was also estimated as 26 – 34 J/cm² without effect of complete water evaporation from tree’s needles [Vaganov et al., 2004]. 

In 1988 the author of this paper participated expedition into the region of the Tunguska impact. During this expedition he investigated influence of heat impulse and thermal damages of vegetation’s sediments caused by the Tunguska impact. After quasi three-dimensional modeling [Zlobin, 2007] it became possible to compare view of real thermal influence in the site and results of calculated heat impulse. The author made more than ten prospect-holes in the peat-bogs including the prospect-hole near the Suslov’s depression [Fig. 1]. Other places were: Southern peat-bog, peat-bog near Laboratory camp (not far from Cheko Lake), several peat-bogs along Western Section, Bublik peat-bog and another places around central region of the Tunguska impact. All layers of peat-bogs were closely inspected, including layers in the depth of permafrost which dated as 1908. The layer of fire of 1908 was detected accurately. However, any presence of considerably pieces of glass-like substance was not discovered in prospect-holes. As the result, the author decided to search melted substance of the Tunguska space body on the bottom of shoal of river, where natural cleaning of stones is produced by clean water.

Fig. 1. The author makes prospect-hole in the peat-bog not far from Suslov’s depression (central region of the Tunguska impact, July 1988).

3. Stones with traces of melting
During the expedition of 1988, in July 24 the author arrived at Pristan camp near the coast of the Khushmo River. He was there from July 24 to July 26. Before returning to Kulik’s Zaimka main camp, the author investigated the shoal of the Khushmo River near Pristan with the purpose to find stones which looks like meteorites. Also some stones were collected which seems as aesthetic. Stones were good visible at the bottom of the shoal and the author found interesting samples. All collection consisted of more than 100 stones and the author delivered these samples to Moscow by airplane. Gross weight of all stones was approximately 1.5 kg.

After the expedition the author focused his efforts on experimental investigation of thermal processes and mathematical modeling of the Tunguska impact [Zlobin, 2007]. It was shown during quasi three-dimensional modeling that small heavy fragments of the Tunguska impactor probably were dissipated in several points with concrete coordinates, including region of Pristan camp. The temperature of final flare was calculated too (1700 K) which indicated possibility of melting of some stony-like substance into the volume of fire-ball. In 2008 the author sorted his collection of stones from the Khushmo River’s shoal and selected three stones with traces of melting, which were described and officially registered.

Let us give more detailed description of mentioned three stones. General view of stones is presented at Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. The author gave names to stones for more convenient description of their features – “dental crown”, “whale” and “boat”. From the view of maximal surface area all three stones has the form approximately like parallelogram. Measured size and weight of stones are presented in Table 1. The “whale” stone considerably more massive than other two stones and its base looks approximately flat. There are good visible traces of melting on the surface of all stones. Moreover, stones has surface structures which looks like regmaglypts and the “boat” stone has deep cavern. Colors of stones are: rusty-brown and yellow (“dental crown”), dark brown (“whale”) and rusty-brown (“boat”). Traces of thin bubble-like structures are visible on concave surface of “dental crown” stone.

	Dentalcrown	Whale	Boat
Maximal diagonal (mm)	25	29	21
Weight (g)	1.6	10.4	2.3

There is good visible imprint of impact of another body on concave surface at melted edge of “dental crone” sample (interaction between plenty of fragments). Also it is necessary to note very interesting structure on convex side of “dental crown” sample (Fig. 3). This structure looks like not deep spherical depression with tracks of solidification of couple of liquid vortexes at the bottom of the depression. Such structure seems possible only in case of heating of convex side of the sample by hot gas flow with tangential component of velocity at the region of stagnation point. The same effects of vortex flows at surface with hollow-type relief are well known phenomena [Leontiev et al., 2002]. The influence of tangential velocity component of hot gas flow seems visible in general view of each of three stones. This confirms author’s assumption that these stones obtain traces of melting during powerful explosive expansion of fire-ball’s volume. 

Fig. 3. “Dental crown” stone with spherical depression on convex side and tracks of solidification of couple of liquid vortexes

Fig. 4. Damages on the surface of “whale” stone and melted collar flange on the surface of “boat” stone

4. Heat for melting
The form of “dental crown” stone (thin plate) is ideal for thermal measurements. The author investigated process of heating of this thin plate to determine conditions of plastic deformation and melting for “dental crown” sample. Before calculations the assumption was done that the sample consists of quartz-like substance (SiO₂). It was determined during calculations how much heat is required for softening and external melting of quartz-like sample. The equation of thermal balance was used the same as for micro-meteorites [Whipple, 1950, 1951], when thickness of meteorite considerably less than 1 cm. Calculations was carried out for several cases of initial and boundary conditions with next generalization of results. During mathematical modeling the author determined necessary heat impulse between 280 and 420 J/cm² . This is considerably higher than values 13 – 30 J/cm² which were determined earlier for the level on the ground [Zlobin, 2007]. That is why the author considers that stones with traces of melting could be heated not on the ground, but directly in the volume of the Tunguska fire-ball, during motion through the atmosphere in considerably altitude (Fig. 5). Moreover, heat impulse between 280 and 420 J/cm² is in good correspondence to conditions of astroballistic heat transfer [Kutateladze, 1970]. Certainly it will be possible to determine more accurate value of heat impulse, necessary for melting of stones, after chemical analysis of the substance.

Fig. 5. Comparison between heat impulse in the fire-ball on considerable altitude and heat impulse on the ground

Let us notice that upper level of total explosion heat impulse 300 J/cm² was also estimated from position of complete water evaporation from tree’s needle
[Vaganov et al., 2004]. If to say concerning trees damages, Vaganov et al. concluded that unlikely heat impulse exceeded 300 J/cm² (no signs of tree’s crown fire) and the minimum heat impulse was estimated by these authors as 25 J/cm².

5. Other stones of collection
Most of another stones from Khushmo collection of the author are presented at Fig. 6. Stones have different size and color and some of them confirm the fact of powerful impact event too. The author found “shatter cones” (Fig. 7) not far from melted stones. The size of “shatter cones” is between 21 and 16 mm.

Fig. 6. Other stones of author’s collection from Khushmo River’s shoal

6. Conclusion
There are a lot of arguments which confirm the discovery of Tunguska meteorites:

- three melted stones with the size of ~20 – 30 mm were discovered near the Pristan region, which was marked during mathematical modeling as probably area with meteorites fall (relative coordinates X=0.321, Y=0.272) [Zlobin, 2007];
- stones has surface structures which looks like regmaglypts;
- it is not excluded that the form of parallelogram of melted stones means common origin of samples from position of similar initial structure of crystals. Therefore, melted stones is possible to examine as fragments of initially common stony body;
- traces of melting on surfaces of stones demonstrates influence of intensive heat impulse which is possible in the volume of giant bolide (280 – 420 J/cm²);
- “dental crown” stone looks like a piece of melted glass. It is known a piece of glass was found near the Suslov’s depression during expedition of L.A.Kulik too
[Kulik, 1939]. Both these samples are similar if to note presence of traces of bubbles;
- tracks of solidification of couple of liquid vortexes on the surface of “dental crown” stone confirm high speed motion of this body in the volume of high temperature gas with considerably tangential component of velocity (intensive expansion of volume during explosion-like process). The same influence of tangential component of velocity seems visible on forms of “whale” and “boat” stones;
- there is good visible imprint of impact of another body on concave surface at melted edge of “dental crone” sample. This imprint was able to appear in case of interaction between plenty of fragments of the Tunguska body during explosive-like destruction in the atmosphere;
- rusty-brown color of stones possible signalize concerning presence of some quantity of iron [Fe], which is known as component of meteorites too;
- the view of all three stones is considerably differ from another stones collected at the same place;
- the presence of “shatter cones” is known as attribute of impact events [Melosh, 1989].

Certainly, strict confirmation of discovered melted stones as Tunguska meteorites is possible only after attentive chemical analysis of substance. Possible discovering of stony meteorites not excludes a comet as main ice mass of the Tunguska impact. After quasi three-dimensional modeling the author has already demonstrated, that average density of the Tunguska space body was 0.6 g/cm³ [Zlobin, 2007]. This density of comet nucleus is in good correspondence to obtained density of Halley comet [Sagdeev et al., 1988]. Moreover, mathematical model of ice comet considerably better explain intensive destruction of small stony bodies in the atmosphere. Compound structure of the Tunguska comet’s nucleus seems possible. If small stony bodies initially are hidden in comet’s ice, these bodies are in condition of ultra low temperature [Zlobin, 1995]. During intensive destruction of comet’s nucleus in the volume of fire-ball, stony bodies are being exposed to influence of ultra high and ultra low temperatures simultaneously. High level of temperature stresses are being realized near surface layer of stony bodies. Separation of small size thin stony plates due to temperature stresses may accompany destruction of stones. As a result, thin stony plates are able be dissipated completely due to mechanism of melting. The author pay attention on “dental crown” thin melted stony plate, which seems as excellent confirmation of cometary origin of the Tunguska impact.

Acknowledgments
I very thankful to administration and my colleagues in Vernadsky State Geological Museum (RAS) on possibility to work with information concerning L.A.Kulik’s activity and to analyze meteorites of the Museum.

2. Comets and substance of the Tunguska body
Let’s pay attention to intensive investigation of comets with the help of space missions. Results of this activity gave us a lot of new information about different comets. Close investigation of several comets was carried out during last decades. For example, Halley comet [Sagdeev et al., 1986, 1988], [Keller et al., 1986] and Tempel 1 comet [A’Hearn et al., 2005] should be mentioned. Also “Deep Impact” spacecraft investigated 103P/Hartley 2 comet. Earth ocean-like water in 103P/Hartley 2 comet was noted [Hartogh, P. et al., 2011]. Organics was found in comet 81P/Wild 2 due to “Stardust” mission and caution must be taken in interpreting measurements of organics in “Stardust” samples [Sandford and Brownlee, 2007]. Some important parameters of Tunguska comet were determined during mathematical quasi three-dimensional modeling, including water ice as main substance of mass of the comet [Zlobin, 2007]. There is good correspondence between results of this mathematical modeling and data of missions. For example, the form of Tunguska comet [Zlobin, 2007] is considerably similar to the form of 103P/Hartley 2 comet. Water ice is mentioned in most of cases as considerable component of comet’s nucleus. The density of Tunguska comet was obtained during mathematical modeling as 0.6 g/cm³ and this value is in good correspondence to Halley comet etc. If to assume compound structure of the Tunguska comet’s nucleus, then seems possible to discuss presence of stony bodies into the comet’s ice. After destruction of comet’s nucleus in atmosphere of the Earth this bodies was able to fall on the ground as meteorites. In particular, D.F.Anfinogenov and L.I.Budaeva are not excludes possibility of discovering of large fragments of Tunguska cosmic body [Vasilyev, 2004]. As illustration of this opinion, in 1988 three probable Tunguska meteorites were already found at the bottom of Khushmo River’s shoal (Fig. 1). Cautious investigation continues of these stones with the help of different methods and without destruction of samples [Zlobin, 2013].

Fig. 1. Fragment of schematic map of the Tunguska region is presented on this figure. The place is shown where three probably Tunguska meteorites were found by the author in 1988.

It is necessary to remind that for the first time considerably fragment of melted glass-like substance was already discovered by L.I.Kulik [Kulik, 1939]. There is some information that traces of Ni were found by Kulik too. A lot of small magnetic spheres were collected during meteorite complex expedition in 1961 [Florensky, 1963]. Increased presence of Ni was noted by K.P.Florensky as the proof of cosmic origin of magnetic spheres. S.P.Golenetsky and others published their results concerning analysis of layers of peat-bogs [Golenetsky et al., 1977]. Many chemical elements were discovered during this analysis; moreover, Fe and Ni concentration was noted as increased too. Authors concluded that results of analysis correlates to substance of comets. Also Fe and Ni were discovered in particles from resin of trees [Longo, 1996] and this fact was in good correspondence to data of Golenetsky and others. Interesting results was obtained during investigation of small spherical particles with gas blebs [Dolgov, 1980]. Presence of hydrogen was determined in gas blebs and air component was absent. These spherules were found in the Tunguska region and researchers made the conclusion concerning comet origin of the substance. E.M.Kolesnikov and others discovered anomaly in isotopic composition of hydrogen in the peat from the place of explosion of Tunguska cosmic body [Kolesnikov et al., 1995]. The same opinion was presented in this study concerning comet origin of Tunguska body.

In accordance to author’s opinion the Tunguska cosmic body really has more chances to be recognized as a comet but not an asteroid. There is not any large crater. Also large quantity of cosmic mineral substance was not found. Now we have only three melted stones which have to be further examined as probably Tunguska meteorites. If to discuss connection between comets and origin of life, initially it is necessary to check up version of presence in these stones any magnetic markers of cosmic substance. It is useful to present arguments concerning possibility of survival of organic substance during comet impact. Finally, some informational model should be suggested, which can demonstrate possibility of self-recognition among atoms of cosmic organic substance. Such algorithm of self-recognition seems necessary for further modification of simple organic substance into simple forms of life.

3. Test of probably Tunguska meteorites by strong magnet
Description of special magnetic test is presented below, which base on usage of strong magnet. This test was carried out for the purpose of determination of any magnetic substance in the volume of every melted stone from Khushmo River’s shoal. All three stones were investigated by magnetic test: “whale”, “dental crown” and “boat”. The view of stones in comparison with the magnet is presented on Fig. 2. The size of magnet was 79 x 56 x 24 mm. Cargo characteristic of the magnet can be estimated with the help of simple experiment. This magnet can attract iron cargo of 1.5 kg from the distance of 1 cm. Let us repeat the weight of stones: “whale” – 10.4 g, “dental crown” – 1.6 g and “boat” – 2.3 g. The author used two methods of magnetic test. In accordance to first method, the influence of magnet on stones was primary estimated by simple moving up of magnet to every stone. All attempts were negative. It was not registered any motion of stones in direction to magnet. Second method of testing was considerably more sensitive when the author decided to use precise laboratory weighing machine (scales). Investigated stone was hanged on the lever of weighing machine with the help of long cotton string (1 meter). Another lever of weighing machine (without long string) was used for correction weight. Before tests, left and right lever of weighing machine were strictly balanced. Then the magnet was moving under stone and fluctuations of levers were registered by pointer (arrow) of weighing machine. It was good visible that every stone was slowly and weakly attracted to strong magnet. Degree of magnetic influence was approximately equal for “dental crown” and “boat”, but little more for “whale” stone. 

Fig. 2. Tested stones “whale”, “dental crown” and “boat” in comparison with strong magnet and ruler

Several other stones from author’s Khushmo collection were tested with the same magnetic test. There were not registered any fluctuations of levers of weighing machine during motion of strong magnet under stones. This became one more confirmation that three probably meteorites considerably differ from another stones, which were collected at the bottom of Khushmo River’s shoal. Also successful magnetic test demonstrated that three melted stones probably could be fragments of single parent body.

The author made the attempt to determine concentration of magnetic substance in “whale” stone. He used for this purpose special “test stone” from Khushmo collection without traces of melting and without magnetic properties. This stone has approximately the same weight as “whale” stone. Little iron particle was attached to “test stone” to achieve the same fluctuations of weighing machine as at magnetic test in case of “whale” stone. This method gave first estimation of concentration of magnetic substance in “whale” stone as ~ 10^-2 % (crude guess). The author has the opinion that iron [Fe] is possible magnetic substance in three melted stones. It seems this opinion may be confirmed with rusty color of melted stones. Certainly further investigation with more accurate chemical methods has to be carried out. 

4. Survival of vegetation after the Tunguska impact
Survival of vegetation during the Tunguska impact can be taken into consideration in case of analysis of survival of any organic substance. Heat impulse of Tunguska impact was already determined with good methods of proof. The author of this paper obtained values 13 – 30 J/cm² for the level on the ground [Zlobin, 2007] and values 280 and 420 J/cm² in considerably altitude above the ground [Zlobin, 1996, 1997, 2007, 2013]. Equation of thermal balance was used in last case for micro-meteorites [Whipple, 1950, 1951]. Approximately the same range of values was mentioned by experts of Sukachev Institute of Forest, University of Arizona and Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems [Vaganov et al., 2004]. These authors concluded that unlikely heat impulse exceeded 300 J/cm² (no signs of tree’s crown fire) and the minimum heat impulse was estimated by these authors as 25 J/cm².

Fig. 3 FEM grid with random generated nodes and temperature distribution in cross section of branch of pine (Celsius degrees). Diameter of branch – 10.5 mm. Thickness of rind – 1 mm. Heat impulse – 13 J/cm². Initial temperature – 20 degrees. Duration – 2 seconds. [Zlobin, 1996].

It is well known the fact of survival of trees at central region of the Tunguska impact [Vasilyev, 2004]. A lot of such living trees has new crown, which was formed again after influence of shock wave and burn of branches. The author made calculations of temperature distribution in cross section of branches during heating of tree by thermal radiation of Tunguska fire-ball [Zlobin, 1996]. Certainly, the author took into consideration presence of early-dew in all calculations too. Two-dimensional finite element method was used for these calculations and typical unsteady temperature field is presented in Fig.3. There is good visible heat influence near the external surface, which makes thermal damage in sectorial region of branch (in all depth of rind). However, any heat influence is absent in another regions of branch. That is why survival of many branches was provided too.

Also the author made calculations of temperature distribution in the depth of ground [Zlobin, 1997]. It was shown that some influence of thermal radiation of Tunguska explosion penetrates into the ground only to the depth of 1 – 2 mm. This result is in good correspondence to the fact of survival of seeds of trees in the ground in central region of the impact [Nekrasov et al., 1967]. During expedition of 1988 the author made more than ten prospect-holes in the Sphagnum fuskum peat-bogs at different places of central region of the Tunguska impact. The layer of fire of 1908 was detected accurately, and this layer was close inspected. There were good visible small parts of burned thin branches and roots of vegetation, but some of samples not looked like burned completely. It is one more confirmation that heat impulse was not considerably more than 13 – 30 J/cm². In 1988 the author inspected many peat-bogs around the center of Tunguska catastrophe and it was good visible that growth of vegetation was intensive during many decades after the event (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4 View of vegetation near Kulik’s main camp. Participants of 1988 expedition among hummocks of peat-bog and near new forest [Zlobin Photo, 1988 expedition]

E.A.Vaganov and others noted one more interesting fact concerning damages of trees. In accordance to disrupted tracheids in the 1908 tree’s ring, authors noted, that mechanical stress needed to cause the deformation of differentiating tracheids seen in the trees close to the epicenter is greater than needed to fell trees. Authors mentioned the assumption of complicated pattern of shock waves, caused with interaction of blast wave front with local topographic elements [Vaganov et al., 2004]. Also it seems useful to remind concerning complicated pattern of shock waves, caused with several powerful explosions during falling of fragments of Tunguska cosmic body [Zlobin, 2007]. As the author demonstrated earlier, pattern of the field of heat influence indicates four local flashes. Different views of forest-fall were good visible in 1988, and many trees were broken by high energy influence (Fig. 5). However, survival of many trees was provided and growth of new forest became the best illustration of restoring of biosphere.

Fig. 5 Central region of the Tunguska impact. This tree was broken by high energy influence of Tunguska cosmic body. Trees of new forest are visible around [Zlobin Photo, 1988 expedition].

We can make conclusion that in conditions of high temperatures and powerful shock waves of Tunguska impact, organic substance on the surface of the Earth can survive. There are more high temperature and pressure in the volume of fire-ball. However, in case of comet with compound structure, considerable mass of low temperature ice is able to protect internal stony bodies from premature heating and breaking during motion through the atmosphere. Moreover, thin crack was discovered last time when the “whale” stone from Khusmo River’s shoal was investigated with high resolution magnifier (confirmation of considerably stresses [Melosh, 1989]). Similar cracks can include comet ice and simple organic substance too. This substance can fall on the surface of the Earth with meteorites. Therefore, we can not exclude possibility of incoming of cosmic organic substance with comets and meteorites. Certainly, it is possible to imagine that organic life was delivered into the Earth from other space bodies. However, there is the question: how organic life was initiated on these other bodies?

V.I.Vernadsky had the opinion that the life appeared considerably quickly, and many different kinds of life were initiated simultaneously. To his mind, this conclusion can explain difference between geological layers of inert substance (inert minerals) and later geological layers with numerous traces of life. The velocity of distribution of life was mentioned by V.I.Vernsdsky as 1000 -10000 centimeters per second, and all surface of planet could be covered by life during several days. In accordance to V.I.Vernadsky the process of evolution of life began after this [Vernadsky, 1931]. The logic, mentioned above, makes possible to explain initiation of life by injection of some special informative substance into the Earth. One more explanation may be connected to achievement of necessary climatic conditions for this informative substance. The author of this paper focused his attention on hydrogen as the most known and widespread substance in the universe [Zlobin, 1996, 2010]. Some ideas concerning informational properties of hydrogen the author try to illustrate below.

5. Mathematical metrics of atom of hydrogen. Fundamental mathematics of atom
V.I.Vernadsky mentioned some aspects which are connected to problem of initiation of life and biosphere on the Earth [Vernadsky, 1931]. Among these aspects are ocean water, gas functions, pressure and temperature, climate etc. However three most interesting ideas were mentioned by V.I.Vernadsky especially. The first idea is known for a long time: “omne vivum e vivo” (it means that every living thing descends from living thing). The second idea means that all living things do not have strict symmetry, and left and right side of every living thing are different. Thus, all living things are characterized with the property of asymmetry. The third idea is that this asymmetry may be described mathematically as infringement of symmetry.

The author found mathematical expression, which seems useful for further theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of life [Zlobin, 1996, 2010]. Let’s demonstrate how to deduce this mathematical expression from Fibonacci row of numbers.

Initially let’s remind the view of Fibonacci row of numbers [Vorobyov, 1969]

where values of a series are calculated with recurrent expression ( n>2 )

below let’s use designation u_n and u_n+1 for current and next number of the row

also let’s take two expressions

      and      

where last expression we can transform to

let             is multiplied by        

then the result will be 

if      then we can write

and

if                  then         

where 

Ф – “extreme and mean ratio” or “golden ratio”
e – Napier number

then we have simple expression

the property of this expression is that it approximately equal to 

where 

 – Ludolph number

the equality will be strictly accurate if    multiply by special factor

let’s consider this factor as j=1.0079… (irrational one number)

thus

   =   

or finally

     (1)

certainly it mean, that 

where

j=1.0079…

Ф=1.6180…

e= 2.7182…

=3.1415…

and   

The most wonderful property of obtained mathematical expression (1) is that the factor j=1.0079… simultaneously coincides to the value of atomic mass of hydrogen with high accuracy. Let’s demonstrate that this expression may be used as system of measurements (metrics) for analysis of atoms. It seems very convenient, because all values during such analysis will be relative.

For example, below we make analysis for the atom of hydrogen (H). There is good visible correspondence between mathematical expression (1) and the length of the circle. Let’s consider the value j=1.0079… as the length of the circle of atom of hydrogen

where index “H” relates to all values obtained during analysis of atom of hydrogen.

Then we can write expressions for radius and diameter of the atom

       

Cross section of the atom (area of circle)

Expressions for area of sphere and volume of sphere

If atomic mass  then average density of atom of hydrogen

Let’s include all obtained values into single Table 1. Approximate values will be included into the last column too (if to take into consideration approximation )

Table 1

Value	More accurate	Approximate

Interesting results can be obtained if to analyze some another atoms with the help of the metrics. For example: when using this relative system of measurements, diameter of atom of hydrogen (H) approximately equal , diameter of atom of gold (Au) approximately equal , and diameter of atom of potassium (K) approximately equal  (golden ratio). This wonderful fact really confirms correctness of the term “golden ratio” as historical tradition. Let’s demonstrate this conclusion with concrete calculations. Size of every of mentioned atom is presented in Table 2 [Glinka, 1979].

Table 2

Designation	Chemical element	Radius of atom, nm
H	hydrogen	0.046
K	potassium	0.236
Au	gold	0.144

The length of circle of hydrogen’s atom will be used as the unit. 

 (unit)

Then

where  and the difference between 1.63 and 1.62 is 

where the difference between 0.997 and 1 less than 1%

and finally

 (golden ratio)

Especially, let’s note rough equality of metrical ratio of atoms of gold (Au) and molybdenum (Mo). Radius of atom of molybdenum is 0.139 nm [Glinka, 1979]. Also let’s note that potassium and molybdenum are very important chemical elements in biology. Moreover, it seems interesting that Fibonacci numbers and golden ratio are close connected to phenomena of life, for example, phyllotaxis in botany [Levitov, 1991]. For the first time Fibonacci numbers were mentioned in the task of rabbits born [Vorobyov, 1969]. It’s not excluded that a correspondence is possible between numerical proportions on macro level of living things and the same numerical proportions on the level of atoms. 

Thus, if to take into consideration the paper by V.I.Vernadsky [Vernadsky, 1931], we can note good correspondence between obtained metrics of hydrogen’s atom and V.I.Vernadsky’s ideas concerning origin of life. We strongly demonstrated that metrics of atom of hydrogen connects between each other the idea of substance, idea of form and idea of number. 

It seems, there is good visible reflection of the idea “omne vivum e vivo”

The idea of asymmetry is good visible too

and there is not any doubt, that the infringement of symmetry is expressed mathematically here.

Due to obtained metrics (1) interaction between atoms may be presented as simple analogue of thinking. Pattern recognition algorithm here is possible which based on strongly mathematical laws. By another words, we can imagine initiation of life not only as evolution of inert organic substance, but as evolution of “algorithmically thinking” substance. Also we have to remember the fact of deduction of the metrics from Fibonacci row of numbers. This may be theoretical hint concerning complicated internal logical structure of the atom too.

Now let’s return to the Tunguska event and remind concerning discovering of hydrogen as probably substance of the cosmic body. If the Tunguska body really was a comet then considerably mass of water and hydrogen was delivered to the Earth. The same substance could be delivered with similar impacts during prehistoric times. Simultaneously the information was delivered to the Earth, which was mentioned above as simple “algorithms of thinking”. The author considers that the presence of additional information (metrics for pattern recognition algorithm) became the condition of initiation of life in presence of simple inert organic substance too. Also the Tunguska event seems confirms that process of forming of the Earth and initiation of life continues till now. 

If to follow this mind, the initiation of life on another planets is possible too. Moreover, we must remember concerning other necessary conditions of life (temperature, pressure etc.). It is important to notice, that the life on all planets must be considerably similar. This conclusion follows strongly from mathematical laws (mathematical algorithms), when similar metrics is in usage and similar organic substances are present. Once again, hydrogen is the most widespread substance in the universe. That is why the metrics of atom of hydrogen is the most widespread too.

One more interesting feature of mathematical metrics of atom of hydrogen (1) should be mentioned. This feature is related to such phenomenon as “hidden mass” of the universe or “invisible dark matter”. There is not any doubt that relative mass of hydrogen is presented as mathematical abstraction in the expression (1). By another words we have the mass only as idea in this mathematical expression. Simultaneously this “mathematical mass” strongly connected to real mass of atom of hydrogen. Let’s repeat once again that hydrogen is the most widespread chemical element in the universe. This looks like interesting analogy between visible and hidden mass of the universe in modern physics. The author is planning to develop mathematical ideas which are presented above as new branch of mathematics – “fundamental mathematics of atom”.

6. Conclusion

After 25 years of research the author strengthened his opinion about comet origin of the Tunguska impact. This event is accompanied with massive incoming of cosmic water on the Earth and the same incoming of cosmic hydrogen. The test by strong magnet was carried out with three probable Tunguska meteorites from Khushmo River’s shoal. The test was successful and the presence was shown of magnetic substance in every stone (~10^-2 %). Such low concentration of magnetic substance in stones can explain, why a lot of fragments and sediments of Tunguska cosmic body were not collected earlier. Considerably more rough method of magnetic separation was used in earliest works [Florensky, 1963]. Mathematical modeling of heat processes confirms possibility of survival of vegetation during comet impact. The crack was discovered in the body of “whale” stone and the author consider that survival of simple organic cosmic substance is possible in such cracks too. Also the author obtained mathematical expression which can be used as metrics during analytical studies of atoms. Atom of hydrogen (H) is selected as the base of this metrics. The base of new branch of mathematics is declared as “fundamental mathematics of atom”. For the first time “irrational one number” is suggested as important mathematical and physical constant. It is suggested that initiation of life could be realized by incoming of simple cosmic organic substance simultaneously with incoming of additional information in the form of mentioned metrics of atom of hydrogen. Pattern recognition algorithm is possible on the base of the metrics and this algorithm could be realized during evolution from inert to living substance. As a result of author’s study, new method of investigation of fossilized biological objects seems possible too (for example, on the contact border of mathematics, chemistry, paleontology, paleobotany and geology). The method is based on investigation of numerical features of macro structures of fossils and solution of inverse mathematical task about features of ancient biological processes on the level of atoms. The same idea seems useful as additional method for dating of ancient biological and geological processes. Certainly such inverse mathematical task seems interesting in application to all living things at present too.

Acknowledgments
This paper is the second part of author’s study devoted to 150th anniversary of the birth of academician Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. The anniversary was declared by UNESCO in 2013 and the first part of the study was presented earlier [Zlobin, 2013]. For a long time the memory about academician V.I.Vernadsky is saved with many features in Vernadsky State Geological Museum due to activity of academicians Yu.N.Malyshev and D.V.Rundkvist. Important scientific work concerning V.I.Vernadsky on sessions of the International geological congress (1888-1937) was done to 150th anniversary of the birth of V.I.Vernadsky [Malakhova, 2012]. Publishing of new book about V.I.Vernadsky is already presented on the threshold of 2014 by G.B.Naumov and the foreword was written by academician Yu.N.Malyshev for this book.  I very thankful to administration and my colleagues in Vernadsky State Geological Museum on possibility to work with electronic databases  and actual information concerning scientific activity of V.I.Vernadsky and L.A.Kulik. I’d like to mention efforts of G.P.Homizuri and N.A.Homizuri, who gave me the help on finding of some archive documentes. Certainly I very thankful to academician of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences N.V.Vasilyev on his attention to my study of Tunguska impact. I thankful to all people who were supporting my Tunguska study during three decades.

Fig. 1. Scheme of landslides on comet nucleus along cylinder-like surfaces due to aerodynamic load (application of Fellenius theory of soil stability)

Powerful aerodynamic load is able to deform solid meteor bodies. For example, destruction and deformation of solid meteor bodies were analysed by S.S.Grigorian [S.S.Grigorian, 1976, 1979]. However, processes in friable substance (friable soil) of comet nucleus seems considerably unique. There is possible another mechanism of nucleus deformation in lateral direction, which connects to landslide phenomenon. This phenomenon seems more real during initial stage of entrance into atmosphere of friable comet nucleus. Also let’s notice that landslides may take place many times during motion of comet nucleus through atmosphere. Well-known Fellenius theory is very reliable and considerably suitable for simple estimations of landslide phenomena in friable substance of comet. The author tested Fellenius theory during quasi three-dimensional modeling of Tunguska comet impact and found this test successful [Zlobin, 2007]. It was shown that Tunguska meteorites probably were dissipated on considerable lateral distance [Zlobin, 2013].