In the book “Principle of Statehood of Turkmenistan” by our Esteemed Arkadag: “Even now, independent and permanently neutral Turkmenistan’s clear development paths are aimed at finding its place in world development. Because in the context of development, the value given to the world by each nation is a reliable pillar of creativity and wisdom for the future.” [1, p. 7]. In teaching foreign languages, its practical aspect is close to the language learner, that is, the desire of any language learner is the desire to learn, first of all, the pronunciation of the language being studied. In order to learn the language of any nation, it is necessary to study its traditions, customs and history. In teaching foreign language students to speak, the teacher selects the most important language resources for the language learner. It is important to know the legality of language styles in developing speech culture, solving translation problems, writing scientific works, artistic works, and editing them. Stylistic phenomena: stylistic data and its characteristics, stylistic accent, speech style, rules of literary language, rules of stylistics, are important to know for any professional dealing with language, including students of philology [2, p. 8].

Choosing the means and methods necessary for learning foreign languages is the main way to achieve the goal in this field. Idioms are a very effective means in language learning and are a lexical-semantic connection. They are translated as a single unified semantic unit. These are used as independent words and have unique figurative properties. For instance: Gloat over (heşelle kakmak – begenmek), to be an item (äbe-de-jüýje bolmak-ysnyşmak), to put one’s mind at ease (höre-köşe etmek-köşeşdirmek), bruise along (ýazzyny bermek, ökje götermek-gaçmak) and so on.

Idioms are formed over a long period of time according to the characteristics of each language and become a type of phraseological vocabulary. They belong to expressive and stylistic tones. Their importance in speech is great.

The origin and sources of idioms are closely related to the formation of proverbs and their transformation into language wealth. Idioms, just like proverbs, are treasures left to us by sharp, perceptive, observant and ambitious people. Over the centuries, these local idioms have evolved among the people and become ingrained in the language. As expressive idioms have been used over the years, they have been cultivated and perfected in everyday conversation. Even today, idioms, which are a reliable literary tool for artistically and circularly expressing the thoughts and feelings of the listener, are used very actively in the daily lively conversation of the people and in literary literature. Because idioms made up of perfect sentences are central to artistic characterization and circular expression.

For instance: “You are pulling my leg!”. The word for word translation of this idioms is: “Sen aýagymy çekýärsiň!”. When the idiom is translated according to the meaning of the idiom: “Sen meni aldaýarsyň” (In Turkmen language, there is also a phraseological unit “aýagyndan almak” frazeologik birligi hem bardyr). Idioms occur as words, phrases, and sentences in connection with lexicalization in a language.

Scholars interpret the term “idiom” in different ways.

In P.L. Smith’s book “The Phraseology of the English Language”, first published in 1925, the term “idiom” is: “…To designate some feature of the language, mainly phraseological units that are word anomalies that violate the rules of grammar or the laws of logic. ” [3, p. 132] The descriptions in the book are simple, but they do not have much theoretical value, because the term “idiom” is not precisely defined, little attention is paid to the structural and semantic features of these types, and common idioms may have a certain tone or limited use. The author endeavours to show the richness and variety of English phraseology and to determine the source from which it entered the common language. For instance, balykçylaryň dilinden (to fish in troubled waters), awçylaryň dilinden (to keep a dog and bark oneself) geçen, tebigy hadysalara esaslanýan (once in a blue moon).

Another famous English philologist F.R. Palmer distinguishes between idioms, partial idioms, and collocations. Idiom is “a sequence of words in which meaning cannot be predicted from the meanings of the words themselves” ((kick the bucket fly off the handle spill the beans red herring), semantically a global unit, and no grammatical ending) [4, p. 41]. According to Palmer, the use of idioms in speech is subject to various grammatical and syntactic constraints. When the author talks about grammatical constraints, he focuses on idioms where the verb can be put in the past tense (spill the beans-spilled the beans), but the number of nouns cannot be changed (e.g. kick the bucket). “Partial idioms” are understood as combinations of figurative and literal units (make a bed turn one’s back on).

Idioms are relatively constant in their form and do not allow us to determine the general meaning of the unit of literal analysis. Authors tend to understand the concept of “idiom” in a broad sense, including phraseological units, idioms. P.E. Howard lists the following characteristics of idioms: semantic openness, figurative interpretation, and structural invariance [5, p. 15].

Looking at the works of the authors, we see that idioms are divided into several groups according to their structure and semantic features. Also, according to their components, they are classified as colour, clothing, food, earth, water, body parts, nature, science, time, etc. can be divided into meaningful groups.

In the first stages of starting to teach speaking, after learning a vocabulary that will be sufficient for conversation, it is taught to make phrases based on that dictionary, and to make sentences from phrases. Students gradually try to compose a text based on learned phrases, narrate it, and prepare questions for the composed texts. The teacher can present students with a variety of texts (fiction, journalism, or minor science, according to their strengths).

Once the teacher has started working with the students on the texts, one of the tools they need to use in developing the students’ spoken language is idioms. No matter how much the teacher repeats or paraphrases (or reteaches) the texts presented to the students, without them, speaking becomes dull.

When English is taught, the educational level of the students is not at the same level. A few of them are fluent in English, a few are intermediate, and another part are those who want to learn the language (their speaking is underdeveloped). For personal interactions, native English speakers often require the teacher to teach the language more lexically. In this case, the teacher can improve students’ speaking skills by using English idioms. This will help the students communicate better with English speakers. Idioms can be used in any form of speech (whether teaching monologue or dialogue).

When teachers teach English in their work experience, when they encounter idioms, in translating them, teachers do not pay attention to translating the meaning of some words, but translate the idiom as a whole (the concept it expresses in the form of a phrase or sentence), according to its meaning to the students. teaches. For instance:

To give someone cold shoulder (Sowuklyk bilen garamak).

To wear one’s heart upon one’s sleeve (duýgularyňy gizlemezlik).

However, it should be taught that the idiomatic meaning can also be revealed in relation to the meaning it conveys in the context.

For example: Örä goýberiljek atlaryň aýagyny duşa – Indi bu ýigidiňem ayagyny duşamaly.

Bu sese tisginip giden çagajyk bäri bakdy-Idegi ýeten ene derrew bäri bakdy.

Jemal çekizeden gurt etdi-Ýigit ähli gazanjyny gurt etdi.

Öýe girmeli bolanlarynda, olar eşikleriniň çanyny kakdylar-Soňky giren işinde-de onuň çaňyny kakdylar

English and Turkmen languages have similar idioms. Similarities of phrasal verbs, idioms and proverbs in Turkmen and English languages help them to be easily translated. For instance:

Go in one ear and out the other.

Bir gulagyndan girip, beýleki gulagyndan çykýar – Aýdylan zady çalt ýadyňdan çykarmak.

In the blink of an eye.

Göz açyp-ýumasy aralykda-örän gysga wagt aralygynda.

Idioms are frequently used in colloquial language, and many of them are so deeply embedded in our speech that in many cases it is not recognized that they are idiomatic. Idioms make our speech sharper, more emotional, and more interesting to our interlocutors. They also enrich the speaker’s level of knowledge.

As shown in the examples given above, the presence of many other idioms with the same meaning in the English and Turkmen languages makes it easier for Turkmen students to study a foreign language. A teacher should collect such idioms and be able to use them appropriately in their lessons, because teaching idioms to students in English lessons is useful for enriching their spoken language. The meaning of idioms is a source of knowledge about culture and traditions. Whatever idioms the teacher teaches the students, the student who has mastered them greatly is able to think in the language being studied.

Magtymguly Pyragy’s poems are characterized by the fact that the meaning of the word is skillfully expressed in an artistic language, and figurative phrases are given a significance. In the creative world of the poet – in the world of poetry, the artistic service of phrases with a figurative meaning has occupied a great place in the focus of the scientific work of linguists until today. A number of phrases used in the poems of Magtymguly contain words related to the environmental lexicon. For example:

Kimseler meýlisde, kim oda bişer,

Agaç uzyn bolsa, kölgesi düşer (The poem “Pelegiň”).

Or:

Magtymguly, ýandym-bişdim

Ynanmazlar oda düşsem.

Oda bişmek/düşmek – The metaphorical phrase used in the sense of suffering for something describes the poet’s situation in these lines through a more effective image. Here, it is appropriate to refer to the explanations given to the terms of the environmental lexicon, a figurative vocabulary.

The term, which is used as a stable phrase in the Turkmen language, was introduced into scientific circulation in the 70s and 80s of the last century. Due to the fact that the object of the words in the stable vocabulary in the Turkmen language was not identified, the concepts of “frazeologizmler”, “idiomalar”, “durnukly söz düzümleri” were one of the controversial issues until those years.

The concept of “idiom” in the Turkmen language was described for the first time in K. Babaev’s work “Idioms in the Turkmen language” as follows: Conditional and free use of words that its meaning is not proved and is not entirely dependent on the meaning of its components, the lexical structure of which it is composed, absolutely indivisible and inseparable, other Idioms are phrases consisting of two or more words that cannot be directly translated into languages and require appropriate stylistic transformation when translated [5, p. 28-29].

G. Achilova defines idioms in her work “Phrase Structures in the Modern Turkmen Language” as follows: Phraseological combinations based on the level of semantic integrity are connected and they are called idioms. [4, p. 108.]. In this work, the author puts forward another complex idea in this regard: Idiom is a broad concept. If it differs from other types of linguistic devices in that it is metaphorical and does not translate literally, then these properties are characteristic not only of certain types of word formations, but also of certain independent words and compound words [4, p. 110].

Y. Chongayev in his work “Phraseology of the Turkmen language” based on Bally’s Phraseologisms theory, it is divided into two groups: phrase with original meaning and phrase with figurative meaning. In the examples analyzed in this study, idiomatic phrases are also represented on the basis of figuratively stable phrases. It is in the works analyzed after this work that the concept of idioms begins to be defined in the sense of stable word structures with figurative meaning. [6, p. 52]

Phrases include the uniqueness of the people’s culture, nationality, consciousness, and serve to effectively express the life experiences and wisdom of the nation accumulated in history. Thus, we come to the conclusion that the phraseology of the language is an artistic depiction of the culture, history, and lifestyle of the Turkmen.

In the poems of Magtymguly Pyragy, there are a lot of stable phrases related to these lexical units. One of them is related to the concept of “land”:

Döwlet başa gelse, dost-ýaryn görmez,

Kaza gelse, bagryn ýerden götermez (The poem “Begler”)

- here the phrase Bagryn ýerden götermez/ýerden bagryny götermezlik – is inverted and means to be in a very sick state.

In the poet’s poem “Bolar Sen”, the phrases “ýer-ýegsan bolmak”, “ýer ýaly bolmak”, “ýer ýüzüni almak” are used in the following lines to mean the destruction of the earth. artistically expressed:

Isgender dek ýeriň ýüzüni alsaň,

      Ýere-ýegsan bolup, ýer dek bolar sen.

In the poems of the poet, there are phrases with figurative meaning, such as “gam sili”, “hijran ýagmyry”, related to the concept of “water”, and he expresses his sorrow in the lines:

Hyrydar gözi birle kim gelip gördi meni,

      Hijran ýagmyry ýagyp,  gam sile berdi meni (The poem“Buluda gardy meni”).

In the wise lines of the master of words, the poet Magtymguly, phrases related to the concept of “air” are often found, such as “seri dumanly bolmak”, “baran ýagdy”, “Hazan ýeli”:

Götergil gojalan başyň,

      Seriňde dumanyň galdy (The poem “Hanyň galdy”) –

In the poem of the wise poet “Turgul diýdiler”, the phrase “ýel ýaly bolmak” used in the meaning of being fast/quick/moving is given as follows:

      Ýel boldum, ýüwürdim ýeriň damarna,

Hazarym tokundy Arşyň kemerne.

Metaphorical phrases associated with the concept of “fire” are even more dominant in the poems written by Magtymguly Pyragy. Phrases such as Aşyk bolmak, yşka düşmek manysynda ulanylýan yşkyň ody, oda salmak express the emotional feelings in the lines given below:

Elde ýolukdyrdym çeşmi-jadyny,

Ölçerdim, el çoýdum yşkyň oduna (The poem “Gyzmaly boldum”).

Or:

Aşygy saldyň oda,

Goýduň gitdiň uýada (The poem “Aýa döndi”).

We find such lines in the poet’s poem ” “Burýana boldum imdi”:

       Yşk ataşyna düşdüm, perwana boldum imdi,

       Şowhun közüne köýdüm, burýana boldum imdi.

In most of the poems of the wise poet, phrases with figurative meaning related to the concept of “fire” are actively used, such as da salmak,oduna çoýmak, yşk oduna ýanmak, aýralyk oduna ýanmak. For instance:

Meniň janym yşk oduna ýakypdyr,

Başlary tylladan jygaly geldi (The poem “Kulahly geldi”).

In general, in the poems analyzed above, in the poems of the favourite poet of the Turkmen people, Magtymguly Pyragy, we can see that phrases with figurative meaning, which are a complex problem of Turkmen linguistics, were chosen with great significance, and made a great contribution to the world literature. In the world of poetry, which has become the artistic school of the poet, it is clear to us that there are still a number of problems that need to be taken into account.

Cultural Signifiers:

Idioms are like vivid tapestries woven with threads of language, each one telling a unique story about a culture’s values, historical narratives, and traditions. These linguistic gems act as time capsules, preserving the collective wisdom and shared experiences of a community or society, just waiting to be unraveled by those who seek to understand. Like a puzzle, idioms provide a glimpse into the essence of a culture, offering a gateway to the very heart and soul of a people. They are the key to deciphering the hidden codes that shape the way individuals within that culture think, communicate, and relate to the world around them. Each idiom is a cultural artifact, a piece of the intricate mosaic that is the human experience, revealing the depth and diversity of the human tapestry.

Language Evolution:

Idioms are like living organisms within a linguistic ecosystem, constantly adapting and evolving to survive in the ever-changing landscape of culture and society. They are not frozen in time but instead flow with the currents of history, reflecting the pulse of their time. As societal norms, beliefs, and worldviews undergo transformation, idioms act as sensitive barometers, capturing the essence of these changes. In their evolution, idioms can shed their old skins, casting off outdated meanings and embracing fresh interpretations or connotations that resonate with contemporary experiences. Just as a river winds its way through changing terrain, idioms navigate the river of culture, carving new paths and redefining themselves in response to the needs and realities of the present moment. They are, in a sense, linguistic time travelers, bridging the gap between the past and the future, ensuring that language remains a vibrant and relevant reflection of the society it serves.

Cultural Specificity:

Idioms are often intricately woven into the fabric of a specific language or culture, rendering them exclusive and deeply rooted in their place of origin. They are like cultural gems, each possessing a unique shine that can be challenging to capture and convey in a different linguistic or cultural context. Translating idioms from one language to another is akin to navigating a complex labyrinth, for the cultural nuances and historical contexts that underpin these idioms may lack direct equivalents in other languages.

Attempting to translate idioms can indeed be a formidable task, as it necessitates not only linguistic expertise but also a profound understanding of the cultural and historical background from which these idioms spring. To convey the essence of an idiom from one culture to another, a translator must act as a bridge between two worlds, delving deep into the intricacies of both languages and the social milieu they represent. This process often involves not only finding a semantic equivalent but also a way to encapsulate the underlying cultural values, customs, and experiences that give the idiom its unique flavor.

In this way, idioms serve as guardians of cultural diversity, reinforcing the idea that language is not a mere tool for communication but a repository of a culture’s collective memory and identity. Their untranslatability underscores the richness and depth of human linguistic and cultural diversity, emphasizing the importance of respecting and preserving the unique expressions of each society.

Storytelling and Heritage:

Idioms are like hidden treasures buried within the tapestry of a language, each one carrying the weight of history and mythological origins, intricately interwoven with a culture’s storytelling and heritage. These linguistic gems are more than just expressions; they are living remnants of a people’s narrative, connecting the present to a rich and often ancient past.

Every idiom holds a story, a piece of history, or a glimpse into the mythology that has shaped the collective consciousness of a society. Through idioms, individuals can trace their cultural roots, discovering the stories of their ancestors and the wisdom passed down through generations. These idiomatic expressions offer a profound connection to the past, allowing people to touch the very essence of their cultural identity.

In this way, idioms become powerful vehicles for preserving cultural memory. They act as time capsules, preserving the values, experiences, and beliefs of a society, ensuring that the knowledge and wisdom of previous generations are not lost to the sands of time. Idioms, therefore, serve as a bridge between the past and the present, allowing people to honor their heritage and maintain a strong sense of identity by keeping the stories and traditions of their ancestors alive in their everyday language. They are the living threads that tie together the tapestry of a culture, reminding individuals of their roots and the enduring significance of their shared history.

Cross-Cultural Communication:

Language is a double-edged sword when it comes to cross-cultural communication. Idioms, in particular, possess the potential to either bridge the divide between cultures or create chasms of misunderstanding. When individuals borrow idiomatic expressions from their own culture and use them in conversations with people from a different cultural background, they may inadvertently stumble into a linguistic minefield. This is because idioms often carry nuances, historical references, and cultural connotations that are not easily translatable or comprehensible to those outside the originating culture.

To navigate this complex terrain effectively, it is crucial to understand the cultural context of idioms. Such knowledge is like a compass, guiding individuals through the cultural landscapes of others and helping them to interpret not just words but the sentiments and values behind those words. The ability to recognize when to use idiomatic expressions and when to rely on simpler, more universally understood language is a skill of paramount importance in cross-cultural communication.

Furthermore, embracing idiomatic diversity can be a powerful tool for fostering empathy and mutual understanding. By learning about and respecting the idiomatic richness of other cultures, individuals demonstrate their willingness to engage in meaningful and respectful dialogue. They show that they acknowledge the unique cultural tapestry woven by different societies and are open to exploring the rich tapestry of expressions and narratives that shape these cultures.

In essence, recognizing the importance of understanding the cultural context of idioms is not just a linguistic endeavor but a powerful step toward building bridges of empathy and respect between diverse cultures. It is a means of acknowledging the intricate beauty of human communication, where every language, every idiom, is a testament to the rich tapestry of human experience.

Influence of Globalization:

In our ever-shrinking global village, the boundaries that once separated cultures are becoming more porous, and idioms, those cultural jewels of language, are no exception to this phenomenon. As our world becomes more interconnected, idioms from one culture have the potential to transcend borders, breaking free from their linguistic cages and finding new homes in distant corners of the world. This cross-cultural pollination can lead to a dynamic and enriching exchange of ideas and expressions.

The adoption, modification, or adaptation of idioms from different cultures serves as a testament to the adaptability and malleability of language. When idioms find new life in foreign contexts, they add vibrant threads to the ever-expanding tapestry of global communication. This phenomenon can foster mutual understanding and create a sense of shared linguistic heritage. It highlights the unity that underlies our linguistic diversity, demonstrating that, at the core, we are all part of a global community where words and expressions bridge cultural gaps.

However, this global exchange of idioms also comes with its complexities and potential pitfalls. It may lead to misunderstandings when an idiom is not fully understood in its new cultural context, or when the original meaning of the idiom is lost in translation. Moreover, as idioms traverse cultures, there is a risk of diluting the unique cultural flavors that make each language and expression special. This process sometimes results in the loss of the deeper historical and cultural significance that idioms carry, making them mere shells of their former selves.

In the end, the influence of globalization on idioms is a double-edged sword. On one hand, it offers the promise of a more interconnected and empathetic world, where linguistic diversity is celebrated and shared. On the other hand, it necessitates a delicate balance, where we must preserve the authenticity and richness of our own cultural expressions while appreciating the beauty of the idiomatic diversity that global exchange brings. As the world continues to change and evolve, so too will the role of idioms in shaping our interconnected linguistic and cultural landscape.

Role in Literature and Art:

Idioms are the paintbrushes of language and the instruments of culture, wielding a profound influence on the worlds of literature, poetry, and art. They are the secret ingredients that infuse creative works with depth, nuance, and cultural resonance, transcending mere words to become vessels of rich symbolism and meaning. Authors, poets, and artists alike harness the power of idioms to imbue their creations with layers of significance that extend far beyond the surface interpretations.

In literature, idioms serve as narrative tools, offering a window into the cultural and social contexts of a story. They allow readers to connect with characters, time periods, and settings on a deeper level. A well-placed idiom can evoke a specific mood, convey historical accuracy, or even foreshadow plot developments. It is through idioms that authors can mirror the complexities of human experience, harnessing the collective wisdom and shared experiences encapsulated in these linguistic gems.

In the realm of poetry, idioms become the threads that weave intricate tapestries of emotion and thought. Poets use idiomatic expressions to create vivid and enigmatic imagery, adding layers of metaphorical depth to their verses. Idioms can transform a simple stanza into a multi-dimensional landscape of emotions, inviting readers to explore the intricacies of the human psyche through the lens of cultural idiomatic richness.

In the world of art, idioms transcend the boundaries of language to become universal symbols that resonate with viewers. Paintings, sculptures, and other forms of artistic expression often incorporate idiomatic elements to communicate complex ideas and evoke powerful emotions. These visual representations of idioms become bridges between different cultures, enabling artists to convey profound and universally understood messages, often with a touch of humor, irony, or social commentary.

In summary, idioms are indispensable tools in the hands of creators, offering a rich palette of cultural and emotional hues. Their ability to convey complex ideas, infuse depth, and evoke emotional responses makes them pivotal elements in the tapestry of literature, poetry, and art. They serve as a testament to the intricate interplay between language, culture, and human creativity, enriching the artistic and literary landscapes of our world.

Reflecting Cultural Values:

Idioms, those linguistic treasures handed down through generations, are often like polished mirrors, intricately etched with the reflections of a culture’s core values and deeply held beliefs. These idiomatic expressions are not arbitrary; they are crystallized expressions of a society’s worldview, offering profound insights into the collective consciousness of a people.

For example, consider an idiom emphasizing patience, such as “good things come to those who wait.” In a culture that esteems the virtues of waiting and delayed gratification, this idiomatic expression is more than just a collection of words; it’s a testament to the fundamental values that shape that society. It reveals a culture’s belief in the rewards of persistence and its understanding that meaningful outcomes often require time and perseverance.

Idioms, in their essence, are cultural artifacts that encapsulate the wisdom, attitudes, and priorities of a community or society. When one delves into the meaning and origins of idioms, they uncover the cultural narratives and historical contexts that underpin them. It becomes evident that these expressions are not isolated linguistic quirks but rather the product of a culture’s collective experiences and shared worldview.

As mirrors of cultural values, idioms also serve as tools for intercultural understanding. When individuals from different backgrounds take the time to explore and comprehend each other’s idiomatic expressions, they gain deeper insights into the values and beliefs that drive one another’s behaviors and decisions. This shared understanding can bridge gaps, foster empathy, and build connections between diverse cultures, ultimately contributing to a more harmonious and inclusive global community.

In sum, idioms are not just linguistic curiosities but invaluable windows into the soul of a culture. They illuminate the core values and beliefs that guide a society’s actions, underscoring the profound connection between language, culture, and the intricate tapestry of human experience.

Humor and Playfulness:

Idioms are a boundless source of humor and playfulness, breathing life and vitality into language. They possess the magical ability to tickle our linguistic fancy, often becoming the cornerstones of witty jokes, clever puns, and entertaining wordplay. This dynamic interplay with idiomatic expressions not only showcases the creative potential of language but also invites us to explore the vast landscape of humor residing within the intricacies of our cultural linguistic heritage.

Many of our most cherished jokes and humorous anecdotes are constructed around the clever use of idioms or the artful manipulation of their meanings. When an idiom is turned on its head or taken to its logical extreme, it can evoke fits of laughter, turning ordinary conversations into delightful word games. This linguistic dexterity adds an element of delight and creativity to communication, offering a shared sense of amusement that transcends cultural and linguistic barriers.

In essence, idioms are more than mere linguistic ornaments; they represent an indispensable facet of both language and culture. These quirky phrases are like treasure chests that, when unlocked, reveal the historical, social, and cultural facets of a community. When we appreciate idioms, we embark on a journey of exploration into the rich tapestry of diverse cultures around the world. We discover not only the clever ways in which different societies have expressed their wisdom and humor but also the common thread of humanity that runs through the heart of these expressions.

Understanding idioms is pivotal not only for grasping the intricacies of a culture but also for effective cross-cultural communication. It allows us to appreciate the subtleties of humor, the nuances of everyday life, and the shared experiences of people from diverse backgrounds. Moreover, by delving into the playful side of idiomatic language, we foster connections, transcend boundaries, and find joy in the delightful dance of words that permeates our global linguistic tapestry. In the end, idioms remind us that language is not just a tool for communication but a source of endless amusement and cultural discovery.

The theoretical and practical problems of the phraseology of the Turkmen language have been reflected in the works of numerous linguists [1; 3; 4; 5; 6; 8]. There are also some works on the special study of phraseologisms that form separate semantic and thematic groups of phraseology [3; 5; 8].

The fact that the expressions related to the greeting literature form a certain lexical layer, as a unique and specific phraseological thematic group, provides a basis for special study for this purpose.

Historical, linguistic and other information about the expressions related to greetings in the Turkmen language can be found in K. Ataev’s “Könelmeýän söz” [4], O. Charyeva’s, O. Charyeva’s “Dilewarlyk sungatynyň taryhy we esaslary” [6], A. Rozyeva’s and G. Myradova’s “Türkmen dili. Dilewarlyk” [7]. In these works, interesting information is given, albeit briefly, that the most important – initial period of speech is connected with greeting, and its main purpose is a call to peace and kindness. In addition, there is information that on the basis of this tradition observed among the people, the speech is carried out in accordance with a certain action.

Different from other thematic groups, this tradition related to people’s daily life differs in terms of its range of use and activity in language.

The use of expressions belonging to this lexical layer is characteristic of most Turkic-speaking peoples. Apart from some phonetic and lexical differences in their use in Turkic languages, the formation and use of these expressions have originated according to the same historical, religious, linguistic, geographical, etc. conditions. The emergence of such a situation in the use of expressions related to the tradition of greeting is due to the fact that these languages come from one root – the ancient Turkic language. Therefore, almost all the expressions used in the Turkmen language related to the greeting tradition are idiomatic.

In fact, an “idiom” is a unique expression/individual phrase unique to that language, the meaning of which does not correspond to the meaning of its components. Therefore, idioms usually cannot be literally translated into another language [5, p. 244].

Expressions related to greetings used in the Turkmen language are embedded in the language in the form of ideomatic structures that cannot be literally translated into another language. Their main feature is the structural integrity of the words in the composition, their use in literal and figurative meanings. For example, “Salam haty”, ,,Taňry salamy’’, ,,Salamyňy ýuwutmak’’, ,,Bir gün duza –  müň gün salam’’, ,,Salam öýüň ilkinji hormatydyr’’. Such expressions are words that reveal the unique characteristics of our mother tongue, it is difficult to translate them into other languages.

When it comes to component integrity, not all are created equal. For example, salam ýollamak/ugratmak, salamyňy ýuwutmak, salam haty, ýürek salam, dostluk salamy, ýalkymly salam, gyzgyn salam, goňşy salamy  In such cases, the integrity between the components of the set expression is not too late in the set state.  Conversely, in some expressions  salawmaleýkim, saglyk-amanlyk soraşmak, salam-helik bolmak/soraşmak, gelin salamy, Taňry salamy. The same meaning has become structurally inextricably integrated. These ideomatic expressions are characteristic not only for the Turkmen language, but also for all Turkic languages. The main word of the idioms included in this thematic group – the word salam itself – is a word of Arabic origin in Turkic languages, including the Turkmen language. As a result of the lexical-semantic mastery of this word, it became part of an expression with Turkmen words, and as a result of its active use, it led to the formation of an ideomatic series characteristic of the Turkmen language.

Expressions related to greetings can be structured in two or three letters, such as salam haty, salamdan soňky sözüm, Taňry salamyny bermek/ almak, Salam Hudaýyň haky, agzy/dili  salamly bolmak. Even some set expressions belonging to this thematic layer, such as Salam is the God of the house, Salam is the good of literature, have been mastered in the form of a whole sentence.   

The word salaam usually comes from the compound verb salam aýtmak, salam bermek, salam almak, salam ugratmak /ýollamak/ göndermek, and it is a noun component.

From this word, a more commonly used greeting verb was made in our language, and verbs such as shaking hands, meeting, asking (health, safety, condition) are used in this sense.

In terms of usage activity, expressions related to greetings are the most actively used form of other set expressions compared to other thematic groups. It is repeated daily in the language of a person of different ages several times a day in different forms among people of different ages, and is more active in its use. Thus, expressions related to greetings in the Turkmen language form a unique thematic group used in the language of a type of national traditions of the people in the phraseological structure of the language.

The use in different ways and variants is characteristic not only of words, but also of phrases, especially set phrases, that is, expressions related to greetings – phraseology. Variants of phraseology are formed by the fact that only the images of their components or the words in their composition are different, while maintaining the similarity of their meaning.

Linguist K. Babaev explains the emergence of meaning (variation) in the semantic groups of idioms presented in his work “Ideomas in the Turkmen language” [6, p. 136]. The variant use of idioms also differentiates the forms of the words they contain. For example: Taňry salamyny bermek-Taňry salamyny almak; saglyk-amanlyk soraşmak – saglyk-amanlyk soraşmak; saglyk-amanlyk soraşmak, salam-helik bolmak/soraşmak, saglyk-amanlyk soraşmak, salam-helik bolmak/soraşmak; ýalkymly salam-gyzgyn salam;; salamyňy iýmek – salamyňy ýuwutmak; agzy salamly – dili salamly; sag gidip salamat gelmek – sag gidip aman gelmek; salam edebiň başy – salam edebiň ýagşysy we ş.m.. In addition, it can be seen that in the expressions related to this tradition, which are observed together with various actions, without using the word “salam”, the name of the body part involved in the action is indicated by adding the compound verb. For example,   baş atmak (salamlaşmak üçin) – baş egmek; gujaklaşyp salamlaşmak – gujak açyp salamlaşmak; elleşmek (salamlaşmak üçin)- elleşip görüşmek, egnine kakmak- egnine kakyp görüşmek (salamlaşmak), el galdyrmak (uzakdan salamlaşylanda)   - el galgatmak.

Variants of words, phrases (phraseologisms) are a linguistic phenomenon that occurs mainly in connection with the features of their use in the language and, as a result, the normalization of the language. Because those options differ from each other to a certain extent in terms of their usage, meaning and stylistic tone.

The meaning of the literary language, such words belong to the neutral (intermediate) lexicon, and the meaning of their variants, such words are used in the poetic lexicon. If those options do not differ from each other in any way, then one of them is considered to be in accordance with the norms of the literary language, and the other is not used.

The work of the National Leader of the Turkmen people entitled “The meaning of life” [2] also provides historical and linguistic information about the origin, meaning and use of the word “salam” among the people. The reasons for the introduction of the word into the speech culture and its becoming the norm of speech literature are explained.

As it turns out, expressions related to greetings form a common system with other thematic groups included in the phraseological structure, and at the same time, they form a unique lexical layer that differs in terms of lexical, semantic and usage.

Idioms are the vibrant threads that embroider the fabric of language. Woven into the intricate tapestry of everyday communication, these expressions infuse conversations with color, depth, and imagery. They are linguistic gems that add flair and convey meanings beyond the literal interpretation of their words.

Understanding Idioms

At their core, idioms are phrases or expressions peculiar to a language. They transcend the literal meanings of their individual components, often presenting a metaphorical or figurative concept. These expressions are the lifeblood of colloquial speech, allowing us to convey complex ideas or emotions succinctly.

Consider the idiom “raining cats and dogs.” This phrase paints a vivid picture of intense rainfall but doesn’t suggest the actual descent of household pets from the sky. Instead, it symbolizes heavy rain in a manner that’s universally understood among English speakers.

The Origins and Evolution of Idioms

Unraveling the origins of idioms is akin to tracing a river to its source. They have roots in cultural traditions, historical events, literature, and even folklore. Some idioms trace back centuries, while others emerge from contemporary trends or pop culture references.

For instance, phrases like “hold your horses” or “straight from the horse’s mouth” find their roots in equestrian culture, reflecting a time when horses were an integral part of daily life. Meanwhile, idioms like “break the ice” or “hit the nail on the head” might have originated from historical practices or trades but have evolved to convey broader meanings today.

The Endearing Allure of Animal-Based Idioms

Idioms are the colorful strokes that paint the canvas of language, and among the vivid hues that color this linguistic landscape, animal-based idioms stand out as perennial favorites. These expressions, rooted in human experiences and observations, often find resonance due to their relatable and metaphorical nature.

Universal Connection and Familiarity

Animals are an intrinsic part of human existence, woven into our histories, cultures, and daily lives. Their behaviors, characteristics, and interactions with humans have sparked a multitude of expressions that effortlessly convey nuanced meanings. From the industriousness of bees to the unpredictability of cats, these idioms draw upon traits that are universally recognized, creating an immediate connection with audiences.

Consider idioms like “busy as a bee” or “stubborn as a mule.” These expressions succinctly encapsulate human qualities by likening them to well-known animal attributes. They provide a relatable framework for conveying traits or behaviors, fostering a shared understanding among speakers.

Evocative Imagery and Symbolism

Animal-based idioms offer a rich tapestry of vivid imagery and symbolism. They paint mental pictures that resonate deeply, enhancing communication with their colorful and evocative nature. For instance, the phrase “sly as a fox” conjures an image of cunning and intelligence, immediately conveying a nuanced trait without the need for elaborate explanation.

These idioms often carry layers of symbolism derived from cultural beliefs, folklore, or even evolutionary observations. For instance, the association of owls with wisdom or wolves with cunningness has permeated various cultures, leading to idiomatic expressions that tap into these symbolic representations.

The appearance and character of animals have undeniably left an indelible mark on language and its evolution. From their physical attributes to behavioral traits, animals have inspired a myriad of expressions that pervade our everyday communication, infusing language with vivid imagery, symbolism, and metaphorical depth.

 Physical Attributes and Language

Animals’ physical characteristics often serve as metaphors in language, providing a rich source of descriptive terms. For instance, expressions like “as blind as a bat” or “as strong as an ox” draw direct parallels between an animal’s physical traits and human attributes. These idioms leverage the distinct features of animals to convey vivid mental images, making descriptions more colorful and impactful.

Moreover, animals’ physical appearances have inspired colloquial terms or slang, shaping the way we describe people or situations. Consider phrases like “eagle-eyed” or “long in the tooth.” These idioms borrow attributes from animals to succinctly convey specific qualities or characteristics.

 Behavioral Traits and Symbolism

Beyond physical attributes, animals’ behaviors and traits serve as powerful symbols in language. Certain animals have become synonymous with specific characteristics or behaviors, influencing idiomatic expressions deeply rooted in cultural beliefs and observations. For instance, the industriousness of ants has led to idioms like “ants in your pants” or “busy as a bee,” symbolizing a busy or restless state. Meanwhile, the notion of stubbornness often evokes the image of a mule, giving rise to expressions like “stubborn as a mule.”

Animals’ behaviors, such as the perceived wisdom of owls or the cunningness of foxes, have permeated various cultures, contributing to idiomatic expressions that draw upon these symbolic associations.

In the linguistic tradition, idioms are usually called phraseological units or phraseological units. In modern linguistics, the term “idiom” has become widespread, which comes from the Greek “idίōma”, which means “peculiarity, originality”. An idiom is a group of words in a fixed order that has a particular meaning that is different from the meanings of each word on its own. This laconic but succinct definition is given by the Cambridge Dictionary[1].

Developing idiomatic competency and fostering intercultural communication are essential aspects of teaching English effectively. Culture is a dynamic and ever-evolving concept, and the way different communities perceive the world shapes their languages and communication styles. While there are universal aspects of human thought and cognition, each language reflects the unique worldview of its speakers. Consequently, every language possesses a distinct “linguistic worldview” that influences the way speakers express themselves in specific situations. This, in turn, is governed by the language’s specific rules of vocabulary, grammar, and established usage.

Therefore, idiomaticity is an inherent characteristic of all languages and reflects unique cultural aspects. The diverse worldviews shaped by different cultural and historical backgrounds significantly impact the nature of intercultural communication and, consequently, the effectiveness of foreign language acquisition.

As mentioned earlier, language, communication, and culture are interconnected concepts. It is difficult to imagine communication outside of a cultural context. Since communication between representatives of different languages is always intercultural, the process of direct interaction between cultures, or intercultural communication, inevitably “takes place within the framework of non-coinciding national stereotypes of thinking and behavior, which significantly affects mutual understanding of the parties in communication” [2, p. 280]. Thus, the effectiveness of communication depends on the extent to which the images of the world constructed in the minds of the communicants are correlated/adequate and the ways of their verbal description[3, p. 194]. In other words, the main difficulties on the path to effective intercultural communication arise from the national-specific characteristics of the interacting cultures, and the mismatch of worldviews, or conceptual systems, of the communicants generates language anomalies, which represent the use of language that is atypical for its speakers, i.e. non-idiomatic speech.

To achieve meaningful contact and mutual understanding in intercultural communication, it is necessary for the potential participant to study the realities and characteristics of the life of the foreign socio-cultural community at the early stages of intercultural communication training.

Teaching communication in the framework of intercultural communication involves not only the formation of the ability to adequately encode and decode information in a foreign language, but also the mastery of the means of socio-cultural communication, the “conventional orientation” of conceptual systems.

Without taking this fact into account, it is impossible to assimilate the cultural values of the country of the studied language, to successfully master foreign language speech and speech behavior. Intercultural communication, a dialogue of cultures, begins in the mind of a person who masters a foreign culture, comparing it with his own.

Therefore, reflecting on intercultural communication, we are talking about the task of forming a secondary language personality when teaching a foreign language:

“The system of language means of expression of a foreign society should be embedded in the intellectual potential of the English-speaking language personality (as a “secondary” verbal-semantic layer)” [3, p. 201].

Since idiomatic expressions can be considered as certain national-specific and culturally determined units in the consciousness of a language personality, bearing the imprint of a foreign socio-cultural picture of the world, teaching them contributes to the formation of a secondary language personality, without which successful intercultural communication is impossible.

Here are some key points to consider when teaching idioms for intercultural communication:

• Start early: Introduce idioms early in the language learning process to help students build a strong foundation in cultural understanding.
• Provide context: Explain the meaning and cultural significance of idioms within the context of real-world situations.
• Encourage practice: Provide opportunities for students to practice using idioms in a variety of contexts, such as role-playing, conversations, and writing exercises.
• Use authentic materials: Incorporate authentic materials, such as films, music, and literature, to expose students to idioms in their natural context.
• Promote learner autonomy: Encourage students to take ownership of their learning by researching idioms on their own and using them in creative ways.

By following these guidelines, teachers can help students develop the idiomatic competence they need to communicate effectively in intercultural settings.

In conclusion, teaching idioms in a foreign language is a crucial issue in the methodology of teaching foreign languages in the context of intercultural communication training.

By incorporating effective idiom teaching strategies into their curriculum, teachers can help students develop the idiomatic competence they need to succeed in intercultural communication.