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	<title>Электронный научно-практический журнал «Современные научные исследования и инновации» &#187; electroweak interaction</title>
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		<title>Supersymmetry, β+-Orthopositronium and  Electroweak Interaction in the Theory of Everything. Phenomenology</title>
		<link>https://web.snauka.ru/en/issues/2019/05/89372</link>
		<comments>https://web.snauka.ru/en/issues/2019/05/89372#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 22 May 2019 04:19:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Левин Борис Михайлович</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[01.00.00 Physics and mathematics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[atom of long-range action/ALRA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[dark matter/dark energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[electroweak interaction]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[supersymmetry]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[β+ -decay]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[β+-orthopositronium]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://web.snauka.ru/issues/2019/05/89372</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ Download PDF &#160; Positronium (Ps) by its physical nature is a composite truly neutral vacuum system of an electron (e) and a positron (e+), since fluctuation of the physical vacuum allow the birth of “out of nothing” of virtual pair (e- e+) during the time s. The time of the virtual pair of another stable ingredient of matter [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: right;"><a href="https://web.snauka.ru/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EwI-in-ToE.pdf" target="_blank"><img src="https://portalnp.snauka.ru/wp-content/plugins/mimetypes-link-icons/images/pdf-icon-48x48.png" alt="" /> Download PDF</a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span>Positronium (</span><em><span>Ps</span></em><span>) by its physical nature is a </span><em><span>composite truly neutral vacuum system</span></em><span> of an electron (</span><em><span>e</span></em><span>) and a positron (</span><em><span>e</span></em><sup><span>+</span></sup><span>), since fluctuation of the physical vacuum allow the birth of “out of nothing” of virtual pair (</span><em><span>e</span></em><span>-</span><em><span> e</span></em><sup><span>+</span></sup><span>) during the time</span></p>
<div align="center"><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0(5).gif" alt="" width="142" height="45" /><span>s.</span></div>
<p><span>The time of the virtual pair of another stable ingredient of matter – proton (</span><em><span>p</span></em><span>) is</span></p>
<div align="center"><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0(6).gif" alt="" width="165" height="48" /><span>s.</span></div>
<p><span>The question is arises: what excludes the birth of a virtual pair (</span><em><span>e</span></em><span>-</span><em><span> e</span></em><sup><span>+</span></sup><span>) in a bound state – </span><em><span>Ps</span></em><span>?</span><br />
<span>Since all vacuum quantum numbers are identically zero, in the quantum electrodynamics/</span><em><span>QED</span></em><span> virtual positronium is excluded by hyperfine splitting of the </span><em><span>Ps</span></em><span> levels, which is characterized by an increase in the ground state energy (</span><em><span>n</span></em><span> = 1) of the triplet positronium (spin 1) on </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0(7).gif" alt="" width="110" height="41" /><span> and a decrease in singlet positronium energy (spin 0) on </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0(8).gif" alt="" width="121" height="41" /><span>.</span></p>
<p><span>As can be seen, the hyperfine splitting of the ground states of </span><em><span>Ps</span></em><span> (1</span><sup><span>1</span></sup><em><span>Ps</span></em><sub><span>0</span></sub><span> и 1</span><sup><span>3</span></sup><em><span>Ps</span></em><sub><span>1</span></sub><span>) with an accuracy of to electrodynamic corrections is equal to:</span></p>
<div align="center"><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0(9).gif" alt="" width="245" height="41" /><span>eV.</span></div>
<p><span>In </span><em><span>supersymmetric</span></em><span> </span><em><span>QED</span></em><span>/</span><em><span>SQED</span></em><span> the hyperfine splitting of the para- and ortho-states of the </span><em><span>Ps</span></em><span> is compensated – the precedent is formulated in [1]: “… </span><em><span>in the case of the supersymmetric N</span></em><span> = 2 </span><em><span>QED we find complete degeneracy for para- and ortho-superpositronium</span></em><span>”.</span><br />
<span>Therefore, the ability to interpret and adopt supersymmetry in the low-energy limit [1] gives education of the </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0(10).gif" alt="" width="53" height="24" /><span> in the final state of the </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0(11).gif" alt="" width="22" height="24" /><span>-decay –</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0(12).gif" alt="" width="173" height="24" /><span>, which substantiates the </span><strong><span>Project of a New </span></strong><span>(</span><strong><span>Additional</span></strong><span>) </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0(13).gif" alt="" width="44" height="18" /><span>-</span><strong><span>Physics</span></strong><span> “</span><strong><span>Outside</span></strong><span>” </span><strong><span>the Light Cone</span></strong><span> [2].</span><br />
<span>Searches for the effect of supersymmetry realization since the discovery of the mathematical formulation (1971), the subsequent rediscovery and recognition of it by the mid-1970s, were carried out and continue on giant accelerators. It is assumed that the superpartners of elementary particles and the effects due to them can be observed at ultrahigh energies. So far unsuccessfully.</span><br />
<span>The generally accepted representation of supersymmetry is formulated on </span><strong><span>Wikipedia</span></strong><span> (01.03.2019 – in Russian):</span><br />
<span>“</span><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span>It is perfectly established</span></span></em><span> (!? – </span><em><span>B</span></em><span>.</span><em><span>L</span></em><span>.) </span><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span>that our world is not supersymmetric in the sense of exact symmetry</span></span></em><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span>, </span></span><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span>since in any supersymmetric model</span></span></em><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span>, </span></span><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span>fermions and bosons associated with a supersymmetric transformation must have the same mass and charge and other quantum numbers</span></span></em><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span> (</span></span><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span>except for the spin</span></span></em><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span>)</span></span><span> – underlined, </span><em><span>B</span></em><span>.</span><em><span>L</span></em><span>. This requirement is not fulfilled for particles known in nature”.</span><br />
<span>All </span><em><span>non-composite truly neutral particles are bosons</span></em><span>. Essentially, the supersymmetry formulation corresponding to the low-energy limit was presented by E. Majorana in the theory of </span><em><span>truly neutral fermions</span></em><span> [3], when yet there were no accelerators of elementary particle, and the coupled electron-positron system already was postulated (S. Mohorovicic, 1934), later called “positronium”.</span><br />
<span>This addition of the problem of supersymmetry will be further represented as “</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0(14).gif" alt="" width="22" height="24" /><span>-</span><em><span>supersymmetry</span></em><span>” in accordance with previously </span><span>reasonable “local” causality [4].</span><br />
<span>In the Project of the new (additional) </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0(15).gif" alt="" width="44" height="18" /><span>-physics “outside” the light cone a two-digit Planck mass </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0GBH264L7.gif" alt="" width="150" height="46" /><span> becomes real, due to the fact that in the final state of </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0WL10CDP3.gif" alt="" width="22" height="24" /><span>-decay of nuclei of the type </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0KVBGMPHL.gif" alt="" width="60" height="21" /><span> (</span><sup><span>22</span></sup><em><span>Na</span></em><span>, </span><sup><span>64</span></sup><em><span>Cu</span></em><span>, </span><sup><span>68</span></sup><em><span>Ga</span></em><span>, etc.) each of the lattice nodes of the Hamiltonian graph filling limited volume of space-time “outside” the light cone – </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0PXZKLKBD.gif" alt="" width="24" height="21" /><span> (in the development of the fundamental idea of E.B. Gliner [5] about </span><em><span>vacuum-like states of matter</span></em><span> – a positive/“+” ingredient of the </span><em><span>atom long-range action</span></em><span>/</span><em><span>ALRA-</span></em><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0D2Z7O11V.gif" alt="" width="24" height="21" /><span>) contains a quasi-proton (</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/02J9P2UP6.gif" alt="" width="16" height="20" /><span>) and quasi-electron (</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0(16).gif" alt="" width="13" height="17" /><span>), and </span><strong><span>the masses quasiparticles are equal to the masses of the corresponding stable matter particles</span></strong><span>. It defines the nature of dark matter/dark energy [6].</span><br />
<span>In the nodes of the compensating lattice </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0OOUA11C5.gif" alt="" width="24" height="21" /><span>/«–» there are, respectively, a </span><em><span>quasi-antiproton</span></em><span> (</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0(17).gif" alt="" width="25" height="24" /><span>) and a </span><em><span>quasi-positron</span></em><span> (</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/0(18).gif" alt="" width="20" height="21" /><span>). In a gravitational field of sufficient force, baryon charges are released at the nodes of the core of the </span><em><span>ALRA</span></em><span> (</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/1.gif" alt="" width="144" height="24" /><span>) – dark matter [2] and the interaction of ordinary matter with dark matter become possible due to compensation of the Coulomb barrier by the </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/1(1).gif" alt="" width="24" height="24" /><span>-lattice [7] and through exchange </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/1(2).gif" alt="" width="109" height="24" /><span>-interaction.</span><br />
<span>Obviously, the lifetime of the </span><em><span>ALRA</span></em><span> vacuum structure in the final state of the </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/1(3).gif" alt="" width="22" height="24" /><span>-decay of nuclei of type </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/1(4).gif" alt="" width="60" height="21" /><span> (dark matter/dark energy) is unlimited: </span></p>
<p><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/1(5).gif" alt="" width="157" height="45" /><span>, </span></p>
<p><span>and the quasiparticles in the </span><em><span>ALRA</span></em><span> nodes should recognize Majorana fermions, respectively, </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/1(6).gif" alt="" width="25" height="22" /><span>, </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/1(7).gif" alt="" width="21" height="22" /><span> and </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/1(8).gif" alt="" width="25" height="24" /><span>, </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/1(9).gif" alt="" width="21" height="24" /><span>.</span><br />
<span>It turns out that, due to the two-valued Planck mass, the energy of ~ 10</span><sup><span>28</span></sup><span>eV is realized in corresponding </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/1(10).gif" alt="" width="22" height="24" /><span>-decays. Such energy cannot be achieved by accelerators of elementary particles. This means that the generally accepted, emphasized above categorical judgment from </span><strong><span>Wikipedia</span></strong><span> may turn out to be false. This is evidenced by critical experiment with </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/1(11).gif" alt="" width="73" height="24" /><span> [8]</span><span>, which confirmed the paradoxical realization of the Mцs</span><span>sbauer effect in the “</span><sup><span>22</span></sup><em><span>Na</span></em><span>-gaseous neon of natural isotopic composition (~9% </span><sup><span>22</span></sup><em><span>Ne</span></em><span>)” system in “resonance conditions”.</span></p>
<p><span>The incompleteness of the modern Standard Model/</span><em><span>SM</span></em><span> (in stagnation since the mid-1970s) is also visible in the state of the theory electro-weak interaction:</span><br />
<strong><span>Wikipedia</span></strong><span> (08.03.2018 – in Russian): “</span><em><span>In elementary particle physics electroweak interaction is a general description of two of the four fundamental interactions</span></em><span>: </span><em><span>the weak and electromagnetic interaction. Although these two interactions are very different at ordinary low energies</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>in theory they appear as two different manifestations of the same interaction</span></em><span>. </span><em><span>At energies above the unification energy</span></em><span> (</span><em><span>of the order of</span></em><span> 100 GeV), </span><em><span>they unite into a single electroweak interaction</span></em><span>”.</span><br />
<span>It follows that in the low-energy limit the electromagnetic interactions is not associated with weak interaction, and only </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/1(12).gif" alt="" width="73" height="24" /><span> as a model of a physical observer can justify the restoration of their unified nature (due to the presence of virtual single-photon annihilation in its dynamics). Observation of this is possible by the lifetime method (</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/2.gif" alt="" width="46" height="24" /><span>-delayed coincidence) [8] through compensating half energy of the annihilation </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/2(1).gif" alt="" width="18" height="24" /><span>-quantum (</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/2(2).gif" alt="" width="14" height="13" /><span>1.022 MeV) by a quasi-positron </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/2(3).gif" alt="" width="21" height="24" /><span> in the node of the compensating lattice/“–” of the </span><em><span>ALRA</span></em><span>.</span><br />
<span>The initial positron </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/2(4).gif" alt="" width="40" height="26" /><span> and neutrino </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/2(5).gif" alt="" width="41" height="25" /><span> are born as Dirac fermions, but they accompany oscillation </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/2(6).gif" alt="" width="73" height="24" /><span> “through the looking glass” and transfers to Majorana fermions (truly neutral fermions), and the electron </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/2(7).gif" alt="" width="20" height="22" /><span> in the composition </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/2(8).gif" alt="" width="73" height="24" /><span> is Dirac fermion</span></p>
<p><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/2(9).gif" alt="" width="501" height="90" /></p>
<p><span>It is not known how P. Dirac reacted to the alternative proposed by E. Majorana [3], but in the headings of the works list of P.A.M. Dirac (from 1937 to 1984) name of E. Majorana is absent [9].</span></p>
<p><span>In the presented phenomenology of the Theory of Everything, truly neutral Majorana fermions do not require the abandonment of the law of conservation of the lepton number, as is necessary when setting up experiments to search for neutrinoless double decay and neutrino-antineutrino oscillations.</span></p>
<p><span>All this means that in the Project of the new (additional) </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/89372_files/3.gif" alt="" width="44" height="18" /><span>-physics “outside” the light cone P. Dirac and E. Majorana are presented “on an equal footing”.</span></p>
<p><span>Everything will determined by the implementation of the Program Decisive Experiment [10].</span></p>
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