The Turkmen language differs from the Chinese language in its alphabet. Chinese does not have an alphabet, but is based on a pictographic script, and words are made up of hieroglyphs and graphemes. For example: “apple”, as we have seen, the word “apple” consists of letters of the Turkmen alphabet. In the Chinese language, the word apple 苹果 (píng guǒ) is formed by combining several graphemes into syllables.

Chinese sentence structure pays attention to word order, but word order is not the same as Turkmen word order. In Chinese, a sentence is formed in this sequence. For example:

主语 (zhǔyǔ)  +         谓语  (wèiyú)       +    宾语 (bīnyǔ)…

Subject       +           predicate             +    object…

In Turkmen, the subject comes at the beginning of the sentence, but the predicate comes at the end of the sentence. For example:

Men         +         bazara            +        barýaryn

Subject       +         object      +        predicate

Sentences in Chinese and Turkmen languages are divided into affirmative sentences, interrogative sentences, and exclamatory sentences.

It is difficult to understand the meaning of a sentence when translated literally from Chinese.

我很爱穿那件衣服。

(wǒ hěn ài chuān nà jiàn bái yī fu)

When we translate the sentence word by word: Men örän gowy görýän geýmegi şol bir sany ak eşigi.

When we translate it completely: Men şol ak eşigi geýmegi örän gowy görýärin.

As a result of morphological analysis: Wǒ – men; hěn – örän; ài – gowy görýärin; chuān – geýmegi; nà – ol, şol; jiàn – eşikleriň sanyny görkezmek üçin ulanylýan sanaw sözi; bái – ak reňk; yī fu – eşik diýen manylary berýär.

Although the structure of the sentences is different, the meanings of the words are completely consistent in morphological analysis. Most of the time, compound sentences in Turkmen language are used to express our thoughts, that is, compound sentences and subordinate clauses. In Chinese, too, ideas are expressed through compound and complex sentences:

这样，穿着白颜色衣服出门的杨布，回家时穿的却是一身黑颜 色的衣服。(Zhèyàng, chuānzhe bái yánsè yīfu chū mén de Yáng Bù, huí jiā shí chuān dequè shì yīshēn hēi yánsède yīfu.)

When we translate the sentence word by word:  Şeýle, şeýlelik bilen, geýip, geýinen, ak reňk eşik çykdy gapydan Ýaň Bu, dolananda öýe (què-emma, shì – degişlilik goşulmasy), geýinen bir sany, beden gara reňkdäki eşik manyny aňladýar.

When we translate it completely: Şeýlelik bilen, Ýaň Bu ak eşik geýip öýünden çykdy, gara eşikli öýüne dolandy.

As a result of morphological analysis: Zhèyàng – şeýle, şeýlelik bilen;  chuānzhe – geýip, geýinen; bái – ak; yánsè – reňk; yīfu – eşik; chū – çykmak, çykdy; mén de – gapydan; Yáng Bù –Ýaň Bu (adam ady); huí – dolanmak, dolananda;  jiā shí – öýe; chuān de – geýinen; què – emma; shì – degişlilik  goşulmasy; yīshēn – bir sany; shēn – beden; hēi – gara, yánsède – reňkdäki; yīfu – eşik.

Based on the morphological analysis, it was proved that the meaning of the words is completely compatible.

In the Turkmen language, the regular degree is formed by adding the suffixes -yl, -il, -ul, – ül to the verb. In Chinese, these suffixes are imitated and the particle “被” (bèi) is obtained. This particle is placed before the verb:

那本书已经被借出了.

( nà běn shū yī jīng bèi jiè chū le )

When we translate the sentence word by word: Ol bir sany kitap eýýäm bèi-hereketiň bolup geçenligini görkezýän bölejik, almak, bermek, berildi.

When we translate it completely: Bu kitap eýýäm berildi.

As a result of morphological analysis: Nà – ol, şol; běn – bir sany, kitaplar üçin ulanylýan sanaw sözi; shū – kitap; yī jīng –eýýäm; bèi – hereketiň gutarandygyny görkezýän bölejik; jiè chū le – almak, bermek, berildi ýaly manylary almak bolar.

As we can see, although the structure of the sentence is different in this sentence, the morphological analysis matched their meanings.

我的报纸被风刮跑了。 (wǒ de bào zhǐ bèi fēng guā pǎo le.)

When we translate the sentence word by word:Men, -yň –iň goşulmasy, gazet, üflemek, şemal, ylgamak, ýöremek, gitmek, etmek, gutarnykly hereketi görkezýän bölejik diýen manyny alýarys.

When we translate it completely: Meniň gazetimi şemal uçurdy diýip, terjime edilýär.

As a result of morphological analysis:Wǒ – men; de – yň, -iň goşulmasy; bào zhǐ – gazet; bèi – hereketiň gutarandygyny görkezýän bölejik; fēng guā – şemal, üflemek; pǎo – ylgamak, ýöremek, gitmek; le – gutarnykly hereketi görkezýän bölejik ýaly manylary ýüze çykaryldy.

In the sentence structure of the Turkmen language, repeating one word two or three times is avoided. But in Chinese, the same word may or may not be repeated several times in a sentence, and each time it is repeated it has a different meaning.

In addition to these, the Chinese and Turkmen languages also have several different aspects in the Chinese and Turkmen languages, which are affirmative, exclamatory and interrogative sentences.

Although the structure of the sentences is not similar to each other, the morphological analysis is completely consistent with their meanings. In the Turkmen language, the exclamatory sentence, like in Chinese, means to address someone, to express an inner feeling.

Research has revealed syntactic differences between the two languages. By conducting an analysis of the word structure of the Chinese and Turkmen languages, it was found that there are significant differences between them. The translation and morphological analysis of the sentences taken from the Chinese language led to the following conclusion. In the Chinese and Turkmen languages, affirmative, interrogative, and exclamatory sentences differ from each other in terms of structure and sentence structure.

In the Turkmen language, the verb “gadagan etmek” has the meaning of the word “gadagan” and this word consists of the ancient Turkmen (Turkic) verb “gad” and the suffixes “-a” and “-gan”. The word “gad”  means “to go forward, to stop looking” [14, p. 151]. For example: Eger-de olaryň biz bilen pikiri gabat gelmeýän bolsa, olara töhmet atmak hem gadagan [13, p. 105]. A second word, and a prohibition that contradicts the above meaning, is “Surnugýançaň işleme!” [13, p. 221].

In Persian, the verb “gadagan etmek” is used in the form of قدغن کردن  (gädägän kärdän). The first part of this verb, قدغن (gädägän), is a direct copy of the Turkmen word “gadagan”. The word is also used as a lexical item with an independent meaning. In Persian, the کردن (kärdän) “etmek” part of the second participle of the verb فعل کمکی (fe’l-e komäki) also serves as an auxiliary verb. As in the Turkmen language, this verb can be found in the Persian language as well in the meanings such as “ygtyýar, ýol bermezlik” [22, p. 208]. For instance: درمکان ورزشی بانوان ورود آقایان قدغن است. Zenanlaryň türgenleşýän sport meýdançasyna erkeklere girmek gadagan. عبور وسایل غیر مجاز قدغن است Rugsat berilmedik ulag serişdelerine geçmek gadagan [23, p. 5497].

In the Turkmen language, the word “gaýçylamak” from the verb “gaýçy” comes from the root of the ancient Turkmen (Turkic) verb “gıy” and the suffix “-yjy”. The meaning is “gyýyjy, kesiji” and then the first “-y” sound of this name is changed to “a” sound and the word “gaýçy” is made. That is, the act of “gaýçylamak” also originated on this basis [14, p. 163]. For example: Baglar gaýçylanyp timarlandy. Mata gaýçylanyp kesim-kesim edilipdir [16, p. 393].

In Persian, the verb “gaýçylamak” is used in the form of قیچی کردن  (geýçi kärdän). The first part of this verb is  قیچی (geýçi) is a derivative of the Turkmen word “gaýçy”. This word is also used as an independent word. In Persian, the کردن (kärdän) “etmek” part of the second participle of the verb فعل کمکی (fe’l-e komäki) also serves as an auxiliary verb. As in the Turkmen language, this verb is also used in the Persian language in the sense of “gaýçy bilen kesmek, gyrkmak” [22, p. 224]. For example: عکس های مجله را قیچی کرد و برداشت Žurnalyň suratlaryny gaýçylap aldy دختر قالی باف خامه را قیچی می زند. Dokmaçy gyz ýüplügi gaýçylaýar [23, p.5623].

In the Turkmen language, the verb “jar çekmek” is from the Turkmen (Turkic) word “jar” which means “bir zat barada gygyryp habar bermegi”. This word is actually derived from the simile of sound like “çarlamak, jarlamak, gygyrmak“. In the past, loud-voiced people were hired to shout important messages in crowded places (weddings, markets) and were called heralds. The verb “jar çekmek” also originated on this basis [14, p. 221]. For example: Ol biriniň jar çekdirýän sesini eşidip, özüne gelipdir [13, p. 412]. Hökümdar şol sebitlere habar berip, ogly üçin mynasyp terbiýeçini görmek isleýändigini jar çekdiripdir [13, p. 479].

In the Persian language, the verb “jar çekmek” is used in the form of جار زدن  (jar zädän). The first part of this verb jar (jar), the word “jar” is considered to be a derivative of the word “jar” in the Turkmen language. This word is also used as an independent word. As in the Turkmen language, this verb is also used in the Persian language in the sense of “bir habary halka sesli mälim etmek” [22, p. 113]. For example:   مامور شد جار بزند و خبر را به همه برساند Oňa habary hemme adamalara ýetirmek üçin jar çekmek tabşyryldy. هنوز چیزی نشده که جار بزنی Entäk jar çeker ýaly hiç zat bolmady [23, p. 2059].

The origin of the verb “elemek” in the Turkmen language is connected with the word “elek” which means “iki el bilen hereketlendirilip, un, däne we ş.m. elemek.” The name of this tool is derived from the ancient Turkmen (Turkic) word ”el”. However, the use of the words “egli, egle” in the sense of “ele” in Uyghur and Tyva languages also shows that the name of this tool comes from the verb “egmek”. The word “eglek” is composed of the root “-eg” and the suffixes “-le” and “-k” and means “iki el bilen işledilýän”[14, p. 139 p.]. For example: Ogulmeňli un eleýär [16, p. 324].

In Persian, the verb “elemek” is used in the form of الک کردن )äläk kärdän). The first part of this verb, الک (äläk) “elek” was introduced into the Persian language from the dictionary of the Turkmen language. The word is also used as a lexical item with an independent meaning. In the Persian language, the second participle of this verb کردن )kärdän) also serves as an auxiliary verb فعل کمکی )fe’l-e komäki). As in the Turkmen language, this verb is also used in the Persian language as “un we ş.m. külke zatlary elekden geçirmek” [22, p. 38]. بیایم. Men bazardan gelýänçäm şu uny eläp goý [23, p. 538].

Pars dilinde «kömekleşmek» işligi کمک کردن )komäk kärdän) şekilinde ulanylýar. Bu işligiň birinji کمک (komäk) «kömek» bölegi türkmen dilindäki «kömek» sözüniň kalkasydyr. Bu söz özbaşdak manyly söz hökmünde hem ulanylýar. Pars dilinde bu işligiň ikinji bölegi  کردن )kärdän) «etmek» işligi hem فعل کمکی )fe’l-e komäki) kömekçi işligiň hyzmatyny ýerine ýetirýär. Bu işlik türkmen dilinde bolşy ýaly, pars dilinde hem «birine kömek etmek, goldaw bermek» ýaly manylarda duş gelýär [22, p. 261]. Mysal üçin: احساس کرد که من می توانم به او کمک کنم Men oňa kömekleşerin diýip düşündi. وصیت می کنم که شما ها به خانواده اش کمک کنید  Size maşgalasyna kömek etmegiňizi tabşyrýan [23, p. 5934].

In the Turkmen language, the verb “kömekleşmek” is derived from the ancient Turkmen (Turkic) word “üme” and means “birine berilýän goldaw, hemaýat, ýardam”. That is, if we consider the word “üme” as a root, the word “kömek” is formed by adding the suffix “-k”. That is, the verb “kömekleşmek” also arises on this basis [14, p. 376]. For example: Biz ylgaşyp baryp, ýaňky horjunlary, sandyklary düşürmäge kömekleşdik [13, p. 545]. Aýalym bolsa çagalar bilen bilelikde olaryň öý işlerine kömekleşýär [13, p. 431].

In Persian, the verb “kömekleşmek” is used in the auxiliary form. The first auxiliary part of this verb کمک (komäk) is a derivative of the Turkmen word “kömek”. This word is also used as an independent word. In Persian, the second part of this verb is the participle کردن (kärdän), the verb “etmek” and the verb فعل کمکی (fe’l-e komäki) serves as an auxiliary verb. As in the Turkmen language, this verb is also found in the Persian language in the meaning of “birine kömek etmek, goldaw bermek” [22, p. 261]. For example: احساس کرد که من می توانم به او کمک کنم Men oňa kömekleşerin diýip düşündi. وصیت می کنم که شما ها به خانواده اش کمک کنید  Size maşgalasyna kömek etmegiňizi tabşyrýan [23, p. 5934].

In the Turkmen language, the verb “çapawullamak” is derived from the ancient Turkmen (Turkic) verb “çap” and is found in meanings such as “dökül, gapyl bas, duýdansyz çoz”. Then “çap” gets the suffix “-a” at the end of the verb root and “-wul” which is used instead of the professional suffix “-çy” which is common to Turkic and Mongolian languages [14, p. 397]. For example: Göroglynyň ýurduna çozup, ýeten ýerindäki galany çapawullapdy [8, p. 487]. Aý, iniň çapawul etdi, çapawul! [8, p. 77].

In Persian, the verb “çapawullamak” is used in the form of کردن  چپاول (çäpawol kärdän). The first چپاول (çäpawol) part of this verb is considered to be the root of the Turkmen word “çapawul”. This word functions as a noun in Persian with the preposition (چی çi,گر gär). In Persian, the second part of this verb is the participle کردن (kärdän), the verb “etmek” and the verb فعل کمکی (fe’l-e komäki) serves as an auxiliary verb.  As in the Turkmen language, this verb is also used in the Persian language in the sense of “talaňçylyk işi bilen meşgullanmak, ýagmalamak” [22, p. 137]. For instance: مال جماعت را چپاول کرده برده اند Jemagatyň mal-mülküni çapawullap äkitdiler. قافله زیادی را چپاول کردند Köp taýpany çapawulladyla  [23, p. 2292].

In the Turkmen language, the verb “gapmak” is derived from the ancient Turkmen (Turkic) word “gap” and is found in meanings such as “tutmak, dişlemek, agyz salmak, ele salmak” [14, p. 157]. For example: Ol gaýmalaşyp gelýän ownuk kagyz bölejikleriniň birini hem ýere gaçyrman gapyp almagyň hötdesinden gelipdir [13, p. 445]. Düýe köşegini gowy görse, hem deper hem gapar [13, p. 375].

In Persian, the verb “gapmak” is used in the form of قاپیدن  (gapidän), قاپ زدن  (gap zädän). The root of this verb قاپ (gap) comes from Turkic languages to Persian. This word is not used as a lexical item with independent meaning. As in the Turkmen language, this verb corresponds to the meanings of “tutmak, dişlemek, agyz salmak, ele salmak” in the Persian language [22, p. 196]. For example: سگ پای او را قاپید It onuň aýagyny gapdy. اسکناس را که هنوز در هوا معلق می زد قاپیدند Heniz howada gaýmalap ýören puly gapdylar [23, p. 5441].

Turkmen and Persian languages are not relative languages. Each of them belongs to a separate language families. The verbs that are the object of this analysis called the use of Turkmen (Turkic) root verbs in the Persian language, the words of the two peoples’ vocabulary were analyzed from the etymological and historical point of view of the language and their interaction with each other.

The roots of European and Turkic languages lie deep within the annals of history, shaped by migrations, invasions, and cultural interactions. European languages, such as English, French, and German, have evolved through diverse influences, including Latin, Greek, and Germanic languages. On the other hand, Turkic languages, spanning from Turkish to Kazakh, have their roots in Central Asia, marked by the historical journey of Turkic tribes. Understanding these historical contexts is essential for comprehending the distinct trajectories of European and Turkic languages.

One of the most striking distinctions between European and Turkic languages lies in their phonological systems. European languages typically exhibit a relatively simple consonant inventory, with a focus on plosives (stops and fricatives). In contrast, Turkic languages boast a richer consonantal array, often incorporating palatalized consonants, which involve the fronting of the tongue towards the palate. Moreover, European languages often feature complex vowel systems with diphthongs and triphthongs, while Turkic languages tend to have a simpler vowel inventory with only a few distinct vowel sounds.

Morphology, the study of word formation, reveals another facet of divergence between European and Turkic languages. European languages generally follow an inflectional morphology, where grammatical information is encoded through prefixes, suffixes, or both. This approach results in words with complex morphological structures, often involving multiple affixes. Turkic languages, on the other hand, typically exhibit an agglutinative morphology, where grammatical information is expressed by adding suffixes to a root word. This results in words with a linear arrangement of suffixes, each conveying a specific grammatical function.

Syntactic structure, the arrangement of words in sentences, also showcases distinct patterns between European and Turkic languages. European languages predominantly follow a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order, where the subject precedes the verb and the object. Turkic languages, in contrast, typically adhere to a subject-object-verb (SOV) word order, placing the subject before the object and the verb. This difference reflects the underlying grammatical structures of these language families.

Despite these notable divergences, European and Turkic languages have also witnessed instances of convergence. Borrowings, the incorporation of words from one language into another, have enriched both language families. For instance, Turkish has borrowed numerous words from Persian and Arabic, while European languages have absorbed words from Turkic languages, particularly in the context of military and cultural exchange.

Additionally, the geographical proximity of Europe and Turkey has led to linguistic influences, with European languages adopting certain grammatical features from Turkic languages, and vice versa. For example, some European languages have adopted Turkic postpositions, while Turkish has incorporated European loanwords related to technology and science.

The comparison of European and Turkic languages unveils a fascinating interplay of contrasts and convergences. While they exhibit distinct linguistic features in terms of phonology, morphology, and syntax, they have also engaged in mutual borrowing and influence. This linguistic exchange highlights the dynamic nature of language and its ability to adapt and evolve through interaction with other languages.

In conclusion, a comprehensive contrastive analysis of European and Turkic languages offers a panoramic view of linguistic diversity. From phonological intricacies to cultural implications, these languages weave a tapestry of human expression. By bridging the linguistic worlds of Europe and the Turkic-speaking regions, we not only celebrate the diversity of human communication but also foster a deeper understanding of the historical, cultural, and linguistic bonds that connect us across linguistic landscapes.

Attribute sind eine wichtige Wortart, die Substantive näher beschreiben und spezifizieren. Ihre Analyse ist für das Verständnis deutscher Satzstrukturen und die grammatische Kompetenz von großer Bedeutung. Dieser Artikel widmet sich einer kontrastiven Analyse der Attribute in der deutschen Sprache. Ziel ist es, die spezifischen morphologischen, syntaktischen und semantischen Eigenschaften deutscher Attribute im Vergleich zu anderen Sprachen aufzuzeigen.

Morphologie der Attribute

Die deutsche Morphologie bietet verschiedene Möglichkeiten zur Bildung von Attributen. Dazu gehören:

Flexion: Attribute werden dekliniert, um mit dem Bezugsnomen in Kasus, Numerus und Genus übereinstimmen.

Derivation: Durch Präfixe, Suffixe oder Komposita können neue Attribute abgeleitet werden (z.B. schön -> hässlich, Arbeitszimmer).

Umlaut: Bei bestimmten Adjektiven tritt bei der Steigerung Umlaut ein (z.B. groß -> größer).

Im kontrastiven Vergleich ist es interessant zu untersuchen, ob andere Sprachen ähnliche morphologische Mechanismen für die Attributbildung aufweisen. Fehlt in einer Sprache die Flexion der Attribute, so kann dies Auswirkungen auf die Satzstruktur und die grammatische Kohärenz haben.

Syntax der Attribute

Die syntaktische Position der Attribute im Deutschen ist relativ frei. Sie können vor oder nach dem Bezugsnomen stehen (z.B. das schöne Haus / das Haus ist schön). Im kontrastiven Vergleich ist es wichtig zu fragen, ob andere Sprachen strengere Regeln für die Positionierung von Attributen haben.  Spielt die Wortfolge der Attribute im Deutschen womöglich eine Rolle für die semantische Interpretation des Satzes?

Semantik der Attribute

Attribute haben die Funktion, das Bezugsnomen inhaltlich näher zu charakterisieren. Dabei können sie verschiedene semantische Informationen ausdrücken, wie etwa:

Farbe (rot, blau)

Größe (groß, klein)

Material (golden, hölzern)

Bewertung (schön, hässlich)

Zugehörigkeit (national, privat)

In der kontrastiven Analyse ist es aufschlussreich zu untersuchen, ob bestimmte Attributklassen in einer Sprache häufiger vorkommen als in einer anderen. Gibt es womöglich kulturelle Unterschiede, die sich in der Verwendung von Attributen widerspiegeln?

Fazit

Die kontrastive Analyse der Attribute in der deutschen Sprache zeigt, dass ihre morphologischen, syntaktischen und semantischen Eigenschaften Besonderheiten aufweisen. Der Vergleich mit anderen Sprachen kann helfen, diese Besonderheiten besser zu verstehen und die grammatische Kompetenz im Deutschen zu vertiefen.

]]> https://web.snauka.ru/en/issues/2024/05/101946/feed 0