Experienced translators state that there are some additional points when making an agreement about the translation of some documents [1]. These points include detailing of the following clients’ needs: deadline of translation and target language; e-mail address that will be used as a final destination of an accomplished translated version; the necessary format of the text; what text should be translated firstly; the necessity of translation some additional points (tables, graphs, charts, footers etc.); assignment of the translation (should it be in the form of a presentation, site page or something similar).

An experienced translator can evaluate the scope of the given source text even if it is presented in an uncustomary format. It is very important to have such an experience because it will help to avoid emergency work.

In fact, unfortunately, an ordinary translator gets only a source text and information about its deadline, and managers in translation agencies don’t have enough time to discover all these facts properly. So, the only way to simplify the work process for a translator is to communicate with the client by phone.

Adequacy of translation is a voluminous phenomenon, which includes not only the Skopos  of a source text, but also all additional demands and extra-conditions: special terminology, professionalisms, change in a language through time, stylistic connotation of the target text, orientation upon the audience or only one receiver of the text [2].

One of the most important, sophisticated and tricky translation directions is medical translation.

Medical texts are initially very difficult for understanding. They have such stumbling points for a translator like: medical professionalisms; necessity of being consulted by medical specialists of the widest range; not knowing about how, when and where to reveal the meaning of some polysemantic words.

Translation of medical texts and references is one of the most required types of translation nowadays. This type of translation demands thorough work with dictionaries and manuals, because imagination must be excluded here. The dependence of a diagnosis and treatment on a proper translation is obvious, so a translator understands the whole responsibility and importance of an adequate translation.

At the same time medical texts which are fully equipped with special terms can be understood and translated with the help of various reference books, manuals, dictionaries and textbooks that are presented in a wide range in any library, e-library, book store.

It can be rather interesting to work with such text because the process of understanding medical issues, diagnoses, innovations and discoveries can be very useful for broadening background, helpful in everyday life, care of relatives and friends.

The minuses of medical texts translation lie in the variability of different terms and shortenings, Latin borrowings etc; lots of negative information that can badly influence sensitive persons. Of course, there are lots of things that can be repeated; they simplify the translation process but the speed in such a translational type is rather slow, because every term should be decoded and checked thoroughly.

The most difficult genres in medical translation are: medical tests, new medical equipment, dentistry texts etc.

Modern translation is so complicated that a translator cannot achieve the sufficient level of competence in it through all his/her life and career. He/she cannot relax and enjoy his professional qualification; any knowledge will be useful in present and future work. Knowledge is always insufficient [1].

Here the question arises about the necessity of acquiring the second educational qualification. It would be helpful in the professional translator’s activity only in the case when a translator specifies on this exact sphere of knowledge. In other case this professional qualification will disappear or will take only 10-20 % of activity [1].

There is also a point in the special attitude of graduates with the second diploma. It is not a rule, but very often people who have the second educational qualification show negligence in the translation. Modern realias influence the quality of education, especially the second degree.

Experienced translators think that acquiring the 2^nd education resembles attending educational courses. So, it doesn’t guarantee high level of competence in translation.

Medical universities include educational program, which contains training upon specified subjects and foreign languages as well. It is very important for medical students to show good knowledge in metalinguistic field. Latin, English, German, French, Spanish, Chinese languages, – knowledge in this sphere helps doctors to feel confident and independent in every business trip and at any qualification exam.

It is easy to study and practice foreign languages at medical universities because there are a lot of possibilities to practice knowledge: in the practical skills’ centers for meddies, during local internship and abroad.

There are so many events that help to improve knowledge of foreign languages at medical universities. For example, students of Karaganda state medical university can attend special classes, clubs and conferences which are aimed at summarizing profound knowledge of foreign languages.

The thematic scope of such events is closely connected with medical terminology, innovations and postulates of medicine.

So, we have a hypothesis that it would be very useful to create special courses at medical universities, which will have several directions of work:

• Speaking clubs with native speakers, aiming at improvement of  students’ knowledge;
• Consulting center for translators;
• Help with the decoding of medical handwritings; shortenings etc.;
• Organizing of academic mobility for students and teachers of the university.

These centers can be registered in the function of educational institutions submitting to the Ministry of education of the state. Any translator or interpreter in the case of misunderstanding or when looking for a consultation would ask professional advice from people who are in direct connection with this sphere of knowledge and activity.

Such centers may be useful not only for translators of medical texts, but also for people who work with any other field of technical texts’ translation.

Defining Translation Errors

A translation error is a significant inaccuracy or deviation from standard language norms, affecting the transmission of the original text’s meaning. To understand what constitutes a translation error, it is essential to identify what constitutes correct translation.

Translation is broadly defined as the transfer of text content from one language to another. A core requirement of this process is to convey the original’s meaning accurately. Violations of this requirement—semantic distortions, stylistic deviations, or logical misinterpretations—are perceived as errors.

Classification of Translation Errors

Translation errors can be categorized based on language levels and the underlying reasons for their occurrence. This article adopts N. K. Garbovsky’s classification, which identifies four primary causes of translation errors:

1. Insufficient Knowledge of the Source Language

Limited understanding of the source language can lead to inaccuracies in interpreting its meaning. For example, the word “comprehensive” in a scientific context might be mistranslated as “всеобъемлющий” instead of “комплексный.”

2. Insufficient Mastery of the Target Language

Inadequate proficiency in the target language can result in awkward constructions or poor word choices, impacting the clarity and coherence of the translation.

3. Lack of Cognitive Expertise

Misunderstanding technical or specialized terms due to limited knowledge in the subject area can lead to inaccuracies. For instance, mistranslating technical jargon in scientific texts is a common issue.

4. Failure to Understand Authorial Style

Ignoring or misinterpreting the original author’s unique style can lead to stylistic inaccuracies, distorting the tone and intent of the original text.

Types of Translation Errors

Interlingual and Intralingual Interference

Translation errors often arise from interference, which can be:

- Interlingual Interference: Influence of the translator’s native language on the target language.

- Intralingual Interference: Structural peculiarities of the target language causing inaccuracies.

Logical, Lexical, and Stylistic Errors

Errors can also be linked to specific linguistic levels:

- Logical Errors: Errors in conveying logical relationships or ideas, often due to misunderstandings in syntactic organization.

- Lexical Errors: Incorrect use of words or expressions, including mistranslations of idiomatic phrases.

- Stylistic Errors: Failures in preserving the author’s tone, style, or genre, such as rendering formal text in an overly casual manner.

Distribution of Translation Error Types

Semantic Distortions

Semantic distortions occur when the translator fails to grasp the meaning of words, phrases, or concepts. For instance, in Bulgakov’s *The Master and Margarita*, the description of a hat resembling a “pie” was mistranslated in English, omitting the metaphor entirely.

Causes of Translation Errors

Translation errors stem from various factors, including:

- Insufficient education or training of the translator

- Lack of cognitive experience or subject matter expertise

- Misinterpretation of figurative language, idioms, or cultural references

Semantic and syntactic errors are particularly common. Misinterpretation of logical relationships or cultural symbols in the source text often leads to inaccuracies. For example, translating “bank” as “банк” instead of “берег” highlights a failure to consider context.

Avoiding Translation Errors

Minimizing translation errors requires:

- Mastery of both source and target languages.

- Subject-matter expertise and familiarity with cultural nuances.

- Attention to authorial style and intent.

- Rigorous editing and comparison of the translation with the original text.

Conclusion

Translation errors are inevitable but manageable. Understanding their types and causes is critical to minimizing their impact. Translators must approach their work with skill, sensitivity, and dedication to preserving the integrity of the original text. By weaving logical, clear, and stylistically appropriate threads into the fabric of the translation, they can ensure its success.