<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
	xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"
	>

<channel>
	<title>Электронный научно-практический журнал «Современные научные исследования и инновации» &#187; a magnetic monopole</title>
	<atom:link href="http://web.snauka.ru/issues/tag/a-magnetic-monopole/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>https://web.snauka.ru</link>
	<description></description>
	<lastBuildDate>Sat, 18 Apr 2026 09:41:14 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<language>en</language>
	<sy:updatePeriod>hourly</sy:updatePeriod>
	<sy:updateFrequency>1</sy:updateFrequency>
	<generator>http://wordpress.org/?v=3.2.1</generator>
		<item>
		<title>To Theory of Everything. β+-Orthopositronium with a Magnetic Monopole in “through the Looking Glass”. Phenomenology</title>
		<link>https://web.snauka.ru/en/issues/2019/12/90958</link>
		<comments>https://web.snauka.ru/en/issues/2019/12/90958#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 10 Dec 2019 05:12:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Левин Борис Михайлович</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[01.00.00 Physics and mathematics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[a magnetic monopole]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[QED-positronium]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Theory of Everything]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trough the looking glass]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[β+-positronium]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://web.snauka.ru/issues/2019/12/90958</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ Скачать PDF  Positronium (symbol Ps) is a hydrogen-like atom in which the proton (p) is replaced by a positron (e+) – the electron (e–) antiparticle. Therefore, Ps, unlike a hydrogen atom, is unstable and with the necessity annihilates, turning into gamma quanta (ga) for fractions of millionth (orthopositronium  – spin 1, odd number ga, symbols o-Ps, TPs) or billionths of second [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: right;"><a href="https://portalnp.snauka.ru/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/TOE-and-MM.pdf" target="_blank"><img src="https://portalnp.snauka.ru/wp-content/plugins/mimetypes-link-icons/images/pdf-icon-48x48.png" alt="" /> Скачать PDF</a></p>
<p> <span>Positronium (symbol </span><em><span>Ps</span></em><span>) is a hydrogen-like atom in which the proton (</span><em><span>p</span></em><span>) is replaced by a positron (</span><em><span>e</span></em><sup><span>+</span></sup><span>) – the electron (</span><em><span>e</span></em><sup><span>–</span></sup><span>) antiparticle. Therefore, </span><em><span>Ps</span></em><span>, unlike a hydrogen atom, is unstable and with the necessity annihilates, turning into gamma quanta (</span><em><span>g</span></em><em><sub><span>a</span></sub></em><span>) for fractions of millionth (orthopositronium </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0.gif" alt="" width="61" height="24" /><em><span> </span></em><span>– spin 1, odd number </span><em><span>g</span></em><em><sub><span>a</span></sub></em><span>, symbols </span><em><span>o-Ps</span></em><span>, </span><em><sup><span>T</span></sup></em><em><span>Ps</span></em><span>) or billionths of second (parapositronium </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(1).gif" alt="" width="61" height="25" /><span> </span><span>-</span><span> </span><span>spin 0, even number </span><em><span>g</span></em><em><sub><span>a</span></sub></em><span>, symbols </span><em><span>p-Ps</span></em><span>, </span><em><sup><span>S</span></sup></em><em><span>Ps</span></em><span>).</span></p>
<p><span>This representation of </span><em><span>Ps</span></em><span> corresponds to </span><em><span>quantum electrodynamics </span></em><span>(</span><em><span>QED</span></em><span>-</span><em><span>Ps</span></em><span>) as part of the modern Standard Model/</span><em><span>SM</span></em><span>. Today, the reason for stagnation of </span><em><span>SM</span></em><span> (from the mid-1970s) is already visible: experiments of a number of laboratories (USA, Russia, England, and Canada) with positrons from decay of nuclei of type </span><span>D</span><em><span>J</span></em><em><sup><span>p</span></sup></em><em><span> </span></em><span>=1</span><em><sup><span>p</span></sup></em><span> (</span><sup><span>22</span></sup><em><span>Na</span></em><span>, </span><sup><span>64</span></sup><em><span>Cu</span></em><span>, </span><sup><span>68</span></sup><em><span>Ga</span></em><span> </span><span>and so on</span><span>)</span><span>, from the mid-1950s to the mid-1980s, definitely indicate the fundamental difference between the annihilation of </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(2).gif" alt="" width="22" height="24" /><strong><span>-</span></strong><em><span>Ps</span></em><span> </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(3).gif" alt="" width="123" height="26" /><span> and </span><em><span>QED</span></em><span>-</span><em><span>Ps</span></em><span>.</span><br />
<span>It is assumed that in the system “</span><sup><span>22</span></sup><em><span>Na</span></em><span>/3</span><sup><span>+</span></sup><span>/-gaseous neon (</span><sup><span>22</span></sup><em><span>Ne</span></em><span>/2</span><sup><span>+</span></sup><span>/) of natural isotopic composition (~9% </span><sup><span>22</span></sup><em><span>Ne</span></em><span>/0</span><sup><span>+</span></sup><span>/)” (“</span><em><span>resonance conditions</span></em><span>”) due to </span><em><span>topological quantum transitions</span></em><span>/</span><em><span>TQT</span></em><span> implements single-quantum annihilation of orthopositronium (</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(4).gif" alt="" width="50" height="21" /><span> MeV) in the presence </span><em><span>atom of long-range action</span></em><span>/</span><em><span>ALRA</span></em><span>, which is forbidden in </span><em><span>QED</span></em><span> due to violation of the law of conservation of momentum.</span><br />
<span>The observed paradoxical implementation of the Mossbauer Effect [1] allows one to substantiate the phenomenology of the discrete structure of </span><em><span>ALRA</span></em><span> (the number of nodes </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(5).gif" alt="" width="116" height="24" /><span> with the </span><em><span>ALRA</span></em><span> core</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(6).gif" alt="" width="96" height="24" /><span>) “</span><em><span>outside</span></em><span>” the light cone instead of the counterproductive phenomenology “tachyon”.</span><br />
<span>To substantiate the phenomenology of </span><em><span>ALRA</span></em><span>, particular attention is required to the registration of the single-quantum annihilation mode of the </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(7).gif" alt="" width="22" height="24" /><span>-orthopositronium (</span><em><span>g</span></em><em><sub><span>a</span></sub></em><span>-quantum/</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(8).gif" alt="" width="20" height="25" /><span>-</span><em><span>notoph</span></em><span> [1,2] </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(9).gif" alt="" width="78" height="28" /><span> MeV) by the lifetime method, since the </span><em><span>g</span></em><em><sub><span>n</span></sub></em><span>(“start”)-</span><em><span>g</span></em><em><sub><span>a</span></sub></em><span>(“stop”) delayed coincidences method excludes registration of the </span><em><span>g</span></em><em><sub><span>a</span></sub></em><span>-quantum with </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(10).gif" alt="" width="78" height="28" /><span> MeV energy.</span><br />
<span>Indeed, the thresholds of the differential discriminator of the lifetime spectrometer are set to register </span><em><span>g</span></em><em><sub><span>a</span></sub></em><span>-quanta in the range (0,34-0,51) MeV.</span><br />
<span>The ban on registration is lifted if we take into account the interaction of the </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(11).gif" alt="" width="20" height="25" /><span>-notoph with the two-digit (</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(12).gif" alt="" width="14" height="16" /><span>) structure of the </span><em><span>ALRA</span></em><span>. As a result, half the energy of the notoph (</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(13).gif" alt="" width="41" height="21" /><span>) MeV is compensated by the interaction of the </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(14).gif" alt="" width="20" height="25" /><span>-notoph with quasiparticle </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(15).gif" alt="" width="20" height="21" /><span> in the </span><em><span>ALRA</span></em><sub><span>(–)</span></sub><span> of negative mass</span></p>
<div align="center"><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(16).gif" alt="" width="83" height="32" /><span>MeV) + </span><em><span>ALRA </span></em><sub><span>(– ) </span></sub><span>(</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(17).gif" alt="" width="66" height="21" /><span>MeV) </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(18).gif" alt="" width="101" height="32" /><span>MeV),</span></div>
<p><span>and the single-quantum (single-notoph)</span><span> </span><span>annihilation mode of the</span><span> </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(19).gif" alt="" width="22" height="24" /><span>-orthopositronium can be detected by lifetime spectrometer.</span></p>
<p><span>The forerunners of the phenomenology of </span><em><span>ALRA</span></em><span> in theory were the concept of “</span><em><span>vacuum-like states of matter</span></em><span>” by E.B. Gliner (1965) based on the general relativity/</span><em><span>GR</span></em><span>, the “</span><em><span>full relativity</span></em><span>” by A.F. Andreev (1982) and the mathematical extension of </span><em><span>GR</span></em><span> by L.B. Borissova &amp; D.D. Rabounski (“zero-space” – a new long-range action, 1997) based on the method of chronometric invariants by L.A. Zelmanov (see [2]).</span><br />
<span>The presentation of the experimental anomalies of “quiet physics” under consideration, for expanding the </span><em><span>SM</span></em><span>, was made possible on the basis of the transition from considering positronium in the framework of </span><em><span>QED</span></em><span> to supersymmetric </span><em><span>QED</span></em><span>, in which the precedent was established in theory – “… </span><em><span>complete degeneration for para- and ortho-superpositronium</span></em><span>” [3].</span><br />
<span>In </span><em><span>QED</span></em><span>, the mixing of </span><em><sup><span>T</span></sup></em><em><span>Ps </span></em><span>and </span><em><sup><span>S</span></sup></em><em><span>Ps</span></em><span> occurs in a magnetic field. Operator of energy of interaction of positronium with a magnetic field</span></p>
<div align="center"><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(20).gif" alt="" width="169" height="45" /></div>
<p><span>it is not invariant to replacing an electron with positron and therefore does not preserve of the charge parity; it mixes the singlet and triplet (</span><strong><span>m</span></strong><span> = 0, where </span><strong><span>m</span></strong><span> is the magnetic quantum number) states. In sufficiently strong magnetic fields, the “good” quantum number is no longer the positronium spin, but the magnetic quantum number: </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(21).gif" alt="" width="50" height="17" /><span> – annihilation by 3</span><em><span>g</span></em><em><sub><span>a</span></sub></em><span> or </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(22).gif" alt="" width="42" height="18" /><span> – annihilation by 2</span><em><span>g</span></em><em><sub><span>a</span></sub></em><span>. The splitting of the levers of triplet positronium in a magnetic field is determined by the expression</span></p>
<div align="center">
<p><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(23).gif" alt="" width="242" height="41" /></p>
</div>
<p><span>where </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/0(24).gif" alt="" width="85" height="45" /><span>, </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/1.gif" alt="" width="268" height="41" /><span>eV (</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/1(1).gif" alt="" width="54" height="21" /><span> - binding energy </span><em><span>Ps</span></em><span>, see [4]).</span></p>
<p><span>Positronium is a truly neutral system, since during charge conjugation the positron is replaced by an electron and electron by a positron, again forming positronium. Nevertheless, the ambiguity due to the spin of the compound of a truly neutral particle – </span><em><sup><span>T</span></sup></em><em><span>Ps</span></em><span> (S = 1) and </span><em><sup><span>S</span></sup></em><em><span>Ps</span></em><span> (S = 0) is obvious here. At this stage of phenomenology, certainty is restored by referring to magnetic properties – the magnetic moment </span><em><sup><span>T</span></sup></em><em><span>Ps</span></em><span> is 0, and </span><em><sup><span>S</span></sup></em><em><span>Ps</span></em><span> is equal to two Bohr magnetons (</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/1(2).gif" alt="" width="76" height="45" /><span>). Consideration of superpositronium [3] removes the uncertainty (</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/1(3).gif" alt="" width="50" height="21" /><span>): one can consider oscillations of orthopositronium (a degenerate state of ortho-/para-superpositronium), which admits single-quantum annihilation in the “trough the looking glass”, which, unlike the “mirror Universe” by S. Glashow [5] it is realized </span><strong><em><span>in finite</span></em></strong><strong><span> 4-</span></strong><strong><em><span>volume</span></em></strong><span> of space-time in the </span><em><span>TQT</span></em><span> process at </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/1(4).gif" alt="" width="22" height="24" /><span>-decays of the mentioned type [2].</span><br />
<span>As a result, the phenomenological analysis admits: by the action of an effective magnetic field in the through the looking glass, we can justify the small contribution to the energy of mirror quanta |</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/1(5).gif" alt="" width="34" height="21" /><span>| at one-quantum annihilation</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/1(6).gif" alt="" width="217" height="24" /><span>.</span><br />
<span>Let us imagine the magnetic field </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/1(7).gif" alt="" width="21" height="17" /><span> as the field of a magnetic monopole placed at the center of mass of a supersymmetric (“complete degeneracy” [3]) </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/1(8).gif" alt="" width="22" height="24" /><span>-positronium </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/1(9).gif" alt="" width="132" height="24" /><span>. Let its intensity be sufficient to compensate for the positronium in substate </span><strong><span>m </span></strong><span>= 0 binding energy </span><em><span>W</span></em><span> with an accuracy |</span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/2.gif" alt="" width="27" height="18" /><span>| (equal to the total energy of two photons/notophs in the “looking glass”). Then, from the connection</span></p>
<div align="center"><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/2(1).gif" alt="" width="273" height="41" /></div>
<p><span>we get the strength magnetic field of monopole</span></p>
<div align="center"><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/2(2).gif" alt="" width="78" height="44" /></div>
<p><span>and the charge of the magnetic monopole</span></p>
<div align="center"><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/2(3).gif" alt="" width="140" height="41" /><span>,</span></div>
<p><span>where </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/2(4).gif" alt="" width="74" height="48" /><span> is the positronium radius.</span></p>
<p><span>The Dirac-Schwinger relation of the coupling of an elementary electric charge and a magnetic charge of a monopole is obtained.</span></p>
<div align="center"><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/2(5).gif" alt="" width="62" height="46" /><span>.</span></div>
<p><span>This phenomenology of a magnetic monopole as a part of a two-valued </span><em><span>ALRA</span></em><sub><span>()</span></sub><span> is essentially justified by a </span><em><span>fundamental structure</span></em><span> open “</span><em><span>at the tip of a pen</span></em><span>” when studying vacuum in a chiral (invariant with respect to the direction of rotation) </span><em><span>supersymmetric QCD</span></em><span> in a finite volume, which is an “ion crystal”:</span><br />
<span>“</span><em><span>In the case of the usual supersymmetric</span></em><span> </span><em><span>QCD</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>the lattice of monopoles of charge</span></em><span> –1 </span><em><span>is superimposed on a similar lattice of monopoles with charge </span></em><span>+1” [6].</span><br />
<span>As was noted by Schwinger in another context, as a result “… </span><em><span>a magnetic charge can be used to interpret the empirical properties of a nucleon charge</span></em><span>” [7].</span></p>
<p><span>The Dirac monopole, connected with a truly neutral compound atom – supersymmetric </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/2(6).gif" alt="" width="22" height="24" /><span>-positronium </span><img src="http://content.snauka.ru/web/90958_files/2(7).gif" alt="" width="132" height="24" /><span>, included in the structure of </span><em><span>ALRA</span></em><span> with the </span><em><span>ALRA</span></em><span> core, also becomes a truly neutral system. In this sense, the phenomenology of the Dirac magnetic monopole can be compared with the theory of the truly neutral fermion E. Majorana.</span><br />
<span>The direct statements of Dirac about the theory of E. Majorana, which would seem to provoke a conceptual conflict, are unknown. But the exit the Theory of Everything beyond the light cone, a priori of the Project of the decisive experiment, brings together both concepts of quantum field theory [8, 9].</span></p>
]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>https://web.snauka.ru/en/issues/2019/12/90958/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
	</channel>
</rss>
