The specific feature of real estate is that land has appeared in the form of matter and with the development of society became a subject of labor, means of production, as well as a place to stay for many generations.

On the real estate market of the subject of economic relations are the land. It should be noted that land have their consumer properties, and rights.

The real estate market – is a set of activities through which buyers and sellers meet to determine price of real estate for subsequent exchange[9, p. 160].

The real estate market is the economic and legal field in which there is interaction between supply and demand and buyers and sellers for the further implementation of real estate transactions [3, p. 32].

The land is part of the earth’s surface, having the fixed border, the area, location, legal status and other characteristics [8, p. 9].

In order to understand what the land market of the region need to define the concepts of “Market”, “Land”, “Region”. The concept of land was given above.

The market is a place where the contact between buyers and sellers of goods and services [4, p. 16].

The land market is a market where is bought and sold land shares (shares) the redemption of them.

The region is a localized part of the territory with the unity and interconnection of its constituent elements, as well as integrity [ 2, p.57].

The region is part of the territory with a more or less homogeneous natural conditions, specific economic, demographic, historical context, which operates on a specific set of industries, production and social infrastructure [6, p. 17].

So, from the definitions above you can define what is “the Land market in the region.”

The land market in the region is a set of economic, legal transactions, arising in the process of buying or selling land plots on the territory with a more or less homogeneous natural conditions, specific economic, demographic, and historical conditions.

The land market is a segment of the real estate market. Also, it has its objects, subjects, the legal rules that govern this market.

The land market serves as a Foundation for the construction market and business, as it helps them to grow [8, p.54].

In order for a land market was considered to be developed it must include legislation that regulates its activity.

In the land legislation of the Russian Federation is represented by 3 main groups of actors of the land market. These include[8, p. 55]:

- the Russian Federation itself and its entities. On behalf of the Russian Federation there may be the President, the Federation Council, the State Duma. On behalf of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are the state bodies of city, district and settlement;

- legal entity – may from both the Russian Federation and foreign;

- the citizens themselves, in the face of families, peoples, and foreign nationals.

To summarize, in General, represents the land market, we can conclude that this means the redistribution of land between their owners. And it helps them available in the land market competitive demand and the competitive offer.

Economic actors in the land market of the region are: the buyers (tenants) and sellers (landlords) and professional participants of the land market[1, p. 305].

The buyer is a natural or legal person who carries out and is the purchaser of the land in the land market [1, p. 143].

The seller is a physical person or legal entity who interacts with the buyer in the land market, for the subsequent sale of the land to him. The subject of the land market has the right of ownership of the land which he sells [11, p. 143].

In the land market, there are also professional players. The composition of these participants is determined by the processes that occur in the land market with the participation of the state, as well as the classification of businesses and activities that they carry out. Accordingly, professional participants of the land market can be divided into those that operate on the basis of the interests of the state and act on its behalf – institutional participants and participants who do not represent the interests of the state and operate on a commercial basis, i.e. the main purpose of which is to achieve the greatest profits – not institutional members.

Composition of the institutional actors in the land market:[5, C. 145].

- state registration of rights to immovable property and transactions with it;

- organizations that regulate urban development, land management and land use, zoning, design, land acquisition;

- Federal and regional bodies of architecture and urban planning dealing with the approval and agreement of development plans for development of territories and settlements, the creation of the urban cadastre, the issuance of building permits.

The non-institutional members, operating on a commercial basis, are[7, p. 145]:

- entrepreneurs are individuals who have the business, whose main objective is profit. An entrepreneur can be both physical and legal persons. Also as an entrepreneur can be a unitary enterprise is a special organizational – legal form of legal entity;

- investors are natural and legal persons who carry out investments of own, borrowed or attracted funds as investments in land for future benefit;

- realtors are an individual or legal entity that professionally acts as an intermediary in transactions of purchase and sale, lease of land, by information partners on the deal and getting their Commission;

- developers are developers that are on lease, property have land and wish to develop it by building on it any object for sale fully or in parts, and leasing with a view to profit;

- redeveloper means persons engaged in the development and transformation of the territories;

- customers – individuals or legal entities implementing investment projects. They can be like the developers and persons designated by them i.e. the investors;

- the insurers – is a person engaged in insurance land, land transactions, and professional responsibility;

- appraisers are individuals who provide appraisal services for land and their value for owners, investors, buyers and sellers;

- financiers are people who are engaged in financing transactions with land plots in the land market and mortgage lending;

- analysts are people who study the land market and the information to make strategic decisions on its development;

- marketers are specialists who are engaged in the promotion of land plots in the land market through advertising and public relations;

- lawyers – specialists who handle legal aspects of mortgages and land transactions with land plots.

There are two types of factors [2, p. 56]:

- external – the forces that act on land market development at the country level.

- internal – is Elah, which act on the development of the land market at the regional level.

The external factors include [2, p. 57]:

a) the economic situation in the whole country – for example, the economic crisis of 2008 in Russia led to the negative dynamics of the volume of works in construction because the costs of development and production of construction works was very high. In consequence, the demand for land in Russia decreased ;

b) the demographic situation in the country. Throughout the country, population distribution is uneven along with the extensive densely populated areas with high population density are undeveloped region. The most populous regions of Russia are: Moscow and Moscow oblast, St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Populous in Russia are the following regions: Krasnodar, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Sverdlovsk, Rostov and Chelyabinsk regions, the republics of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan. The most sparsely populated entities are Autonomous district of Taimyr, Nenets, Chukotka, etc In more populated areas need to land much later than sparsely populated;

C) state regulation of land market:

1) legal regulation of the land market at the Federal level;

2) economic zoning;

3) the state policy in the sphere of taxation, pricing, lending, and investments.

The internal factors include [1, p. 57]:

a) the economic situation in the region:

1) the income level of the population;

2) the level of employment of the population;

For example, the economic crisis of 2008 led to the loss of jobs for the population of the Sverdlovsk region, hence the level of employment fell, incomes fell, in consequence of and the need for land and the demand for them fell;

3) the level of land prices – the higher price of land, the lower the demand;

4) the availability of sources of financing – the development of mortgages in the region as well as the cost of credit;

5) the costs of preparation and registration of transactions.

b) social and demographic situation in the region:

1) the number of people entering and leaving the region;

2) the size and population density of the region;

For example, the Sverdlovsk region is a populous region of Russia, hence the need to land there as part of the population of the region, and on the part of builders and investors.

3) the age structure and professional structure of the region. The more able-bodied population in the region, the higher the demand will be brought to land.

C) the physical characteristics of the land and the environment:

1) climatic conditions (e.g. length of seasons, water reservoirs;

2) the physical characteristics of the land – soil type, topography, shape of site;

3) the susceptibility of the land to the negative influences of the environment – drought, flood, landslides.

In addition to those factors listed above, the demand for land in the region exposed and other factors. These factors include the interests of buyers to the adjacent land current land market advertising, important terms and conditions of the seller and/or buyer in the design, financing the transaction [2, p. 58].

- risks associated with the activities of state bodies and municipal authorities (further – administrative risks). This category of risks is related to the organization of work of state and municipal institutions performing Supervisory functions and the registration of rights to land plots;

risks the occurrence of which is due to the purity of the registration of title to land plot (hereinafter – the risks of investors and owners). These risks reflect problems that may arise from the holders of land rights in the process of economic and investment activity;

risks arising in the course of entrepreneurial activity in the sphere of the financial market (hereinafter – financial risks). Financial risks in the context of land relations arise in situations involving land plots in the financial turnover.

Classification of administrative risks:[1]

the risk of seizures. The risk is realized in the form of seizure of land for state or public needs. As a result of the withdrawal of the land plot it is possible that the amount of compensation, its amount on the date of withdrawal of the land plot will be less than the amount of actual losses;

- the risk of additional restrictions and burdens. The risk is realized in the form of additional restrictions, encumbrances, and establishment of public servitudes or uninformed about the planned withdrawal of all or part of the object in accordance with the planning documentation approved when you register egrn rights object;

- risk of changes of the row. The risk is realized in the form of registration of land property in sizes other than those for which the owner of the building located on the site reasonably expected;

- the risk of impossibility or unreasonable refusal in registration of ownership rights to land. The risk is realized in the form of inability to register the right to land and other property included in previously acquired in the privatization process;

- the risk of partial or full destruction of documents by the bodies of state registration. The risk is realized in the form of the inability to confirm the rights and make the transaction due to complete or partial destruction of, damage to or loss of the egrn documents and documents of title in the Department of justice;

- the risk of unplanned environmental events. The risk is realized in the delivery of public (municipal) or other owner of the facility that doesn’t meet environmental requirements, or the emergence of new requirements;

the risk of assigning an object to the monuments of cultural heritage. The risk is realized in the form of including the object located on the land, in the list of monuments or the list of again revealed objects of a cultural heritage, the inclusion of land in the restricted area.

Classification of risks of investors and rights-holders:[1]

- the risk of changes in size of land. The risk is realized in the form of registration of land in sizes other than those to which the investor or purchaser of the building located on the site lawfully counted;

- the risk of a decrease in the market value of the land. The risk is realized in the form of changes in the value of the object (one of the buildings located on the land or premises in the building) due to the decrease of the share in the land of the owner of the object, the environmental section of the territory or the use of ways reducing the market value of land with improvements;

- the risk of additional restrictions and burdens. The risk is realized in the form of a discrepancy of the actual restrictions and encumbrances previously received by the buyer on the basis of which they were the decision on the conclusion of the transaction, the absence of the egrn records available in accordance with the documents of title encumbrances. The risk may also be manifested in the form of newly discovered adverse circumstances such as underground communications, radioactive contamination;

the risk of claims of third parties on the land. The risk is realized in the form of claims of third parties in the implementation of investment activities;

- the risk of increased maintenance costs of the land. The risk is realized in the form of changes in the requirements of the land owner, leading to increased costs and new restrictions.

- the risk of uncertainty of duration of the registration. The risk is realized in the form of uncertainty of the legal status of the applicant influencing the level and qualification costs;

The classification of financial risks:[1]

- the risk of seller default by the buyer, for example, the sale of housing in installments;

- risks associated with the activities of the credit institution for the payment;

- changes in the purchasing power of money (for example, inflation in home sales in installments);

- death, total or partial disability of the buyer-a natural person.

- risk of the estimator: errors in the performance of professional duties, for example, unjustified overstatement or understatement of value of real property provided as collateral;

the risks of the pledgor: a failure by the borrower under the credit agreement;

the risks of lender non-compliance by the borrower under the credit agreement, a temporary deterioration or loss of liquidity, reduction of market value of the mortgaged property, error logger, illegal actions of third parties, the emergence of the need for additional investments due to insufficient justification of the investment project, the additional restrictions and encumbrances of the object of investments, changes in the purchasing power of money, the emergence of claims of third parties to the mortgaged property.

The main threats to economic security in the sphere of land relations:[3, p. 2,3]

The first group of threats is the decline of investment and innovative activity and the destruction of the scientific and technical potential.

The main threats to economic security in the investment sector include: [3, p. 2,3]

– the decline in resources for capital construction.

– the destruction of economic ties between the resource base, technical and technological support, scientific and personnel base.

The second group of threats are related to fuel and raw material orientation of the Russian economy, a lack of financial resources in other sectors of the economy.

The third group of threats is the outflow of funds from the country.

The fourth group of problems is connected with the growing social differentiation of the population, which in particular prevents the development of the land market, the emergence of the new owners[3, p. 2,3] .

The fifth group of threats connected with the development of the informal relations (corruption, imperfection of legislative base), which prevents efficient use of land resources.

These groups of threats are currently the most significant external threats to economic security in the sphere of land relations. Therefore, these economic threats to consider when developing a doctrine of economic security in the sphere of land relations.

Examining threats to the economic security, it is necessary to consider its factors. Distinguish economic, ecological, informational, social, organizational, and other factors [3, p. 2,3].

Economic factors of security threats in the sphere of land relations include factors that influence the attractiveness of individual segments of land relations for the crimes.

Social factors that impact on public safety. Negative social factors include social unrest, social dissatisfaction of the population, inter-ethnic problems.

Environmental factors that affect the environment (radiation and chemical pollution, risks of new biotechnologies).

Organizational factors that contribute to the fight against threats to economic security.

To information – factors that affect the provision of full and accurate information about the condition of land relations.

Table 1 – Rating of construction companies of Sverdlovsk region for 2015. [1]

From table 1 it is seen that high in the rankings of construction companies of Sverdlovsk region for 2015 and the resulting revenue is: uralenergostroy – 19 123,59 million RUB, Stroytek – 6 282,37 million RUB, Permdorstroy – 634,34 5 million. the Bottom line is SK Termoinzheniring – 2 943,83 million rubles, and Uralenergomontazh – 2 861,49 million rubles, but the growth rate compared with 2014 this company is a leader in terms of gains – 224, 35 %. The following table 2, reflecting the rating of valuation companies of the Sverdlovsk region at the end of 2016.

Table 2 – Rating of valuation companies of Sverdlovsk region for 2016. [1]

Table 2 shows that the highest line of the rating of valuation companies of the Sverdlovsk region in 2016 according to the obtained revenue is: group of companies “a Priori” – 57 800,0 thousand roubles, the group of companies “metriks” – 32 675,9 thousand RUB, the Regional center of expertise – 23 858,0 thousand RUB Bottom line is: ENSO rating 4 704,7 thousand RUB and the Association “Taxes of Russia” – 4 632,1 thousand RUB following is a table 8, reflecting the rating of the insurance companies of the Sverdlovsk region at the end of 2016.

Table 3 – Rating of insurance companies of Sverdlovsk region for 2016. [1]

From table 3 it can be seen that the highest line of rating insurance companies of the Sverdlovsk region in 2016 according to the obtained prize is: a group of Rosgosstrakh – 27 148 million RUB, group SOGAZ – 12 410 million rubles, the group AlfaStrakhovanie – 8 232 million RUB Bottom line is: VTB group Insurance – 3 736 million. and group Harmony – 1 970 million. the following table 4, reflecting the rating of law companies of the Sverdlovsk region at the end of 2015

Table 4 – Ranking of law firms in the Sverdlovsk region for 2015. [1]

From table 4 it is seen that the highest line of rating of law companies of the Sverdlovsk region for 2015 and revenue from provision of services is: GK “Taxes and financial law” – 87 431 thousand rubles., ENSO – 60 428 you. RUB, GK “a Priori” – 58 522 thousand RUB Bottom line is: “Association of Russian taxes” – 18 740 thousand. and Alikin and Kobyakov – 2 290 thousand.

So, we can conclude the following that the high line rating: – building companies of the Sverdlovsk region for 2015 and the resulting revenue is: uralenergostroy – 19 123,59 million RUB, Stroytek – 6 282,37 million RUB, Permdorstroy – 5 634,34 million RUB;

- appraisal companies of the Sverdlovsk region in 2016 according to the obtained revenue is: group of companies “a Priori” – 57 800,0 thousand roubles, the group of companies “metriks” – 32 675,9 thousand RUB, the Regional center of expertise – 858,0 23 thousand rubles; – the insurance companies of the Sverdlovsk region in 2016 according to the obtained prize is: a group of Rosgosstrakh – 27 148 million RUB, group SOGAZ – 12 410 million rubles, the group AlfaStrakhovanie – 8 232 million RUB;

-law firms Sverdlovsk region for 2015 and revenue from provision of services is: GK “Taxes and financial law” – 87 431 thousand rubles., ENSO – 60 428 you. RUB, GK “a Priori” – 58 522 thousand.

Security can be considered two sides [4, p. 6,7]:

first, the concept of security is revealed through the danger, because the first is essentially the opposite of the second: the safety of the opposite danger, and takes place only in its absence. However, there is no complete security in the fact that there is no status object with a complete lack of danger;

secondly, the concept of security is seen as created by humans a special mechanism of forming the state of a particular object, allowing to control, to anticipate, to avert threats to the object and to control, neutralize and minimize the risks arising in connection with the implementation of these threats.

Also the concept of “security” is disclosed in the regulations.

Safety is the state of protection of vital interests of person, society and state from internal and external threats [1].

This definition is presented in the become invalid Federal law from 05.03.1992 g. № 2446 – I “On bezopasnosti”. In the new current Federal law of 28.12.2010 № 390-FZ “On security” the definition of the concept of “security” is missing.

In turn to the vital interests include the totality of needs, the satisfaction of which reliably ensures the existence and possibility of progressive development of personality, society and state [5, p. 7].

The distinguishing security feature of almost all concepts is its description through the concept of “threat”.

The threat from the point of view of security is a combination of factors and conditions that contribute to the implementation of hazard for a particular object at a certain moment or interval of time [5, p. 9].

In security, there is another concept associated with danger and threat-risk.

Under the security risk, you should understand the material or financial damages during the implementation of various kinds of threats of dangers which are probable in nature [5, p. 12].

There are many kinds of dangers and threats [4, p. 12]:

- against property physical or legal persons of the state;

against life and health;

- against the constitutional rights and freedoms, honor and dignity of man and citizen;

- in the sphere of economic activity;

- in the sphere of computer information, etc.

Many types of dangers and threats cause many types of security: economic, political, informational, etc.

The concept of “economic security” is relatively new in economic theory and management theory. As is well known in the practice of management structures in Western countries it allows a very broad interpretation [3, p. 21].

Economic security – synthetic category of political economy and political science, the closely related categories of “economic independence and dependence, stability, and vulnerability, economic pressure”, “blackmail,” “coercion and aggression”, “economic sovereignty,” etc. [3, p. 21].

The following table 1, reflecting different interpretations of the concept of “Economic security” the most famous Russian scientists.

Table 1 – interpretation of the concept “Economic security” of the Russian scientists [3, p. 22, 23].

The authors of the concept of

Abalkin L. I. Economic security of Russia // Socio-political magazine. 1997. No. 5. C. 3 Economic security is the state of the economic system that allows it to develop dynamically, effectively and to solve social problems and in which the state has an opportunity to develop and implement independent economic policies.

Economic security of Russia: General course: the textbook / under the editorship of V. K. Senchagov. M., 2010. P. 48 Economic security is the state of the economy and institutions of power, in which is provided the guaranteed protection of national interests, social orientation of its policies, sufficient defense capabilities even in unfavorable conditions for the development of internal and external processes.

Rubanov V. Safety slogans, the theory and political practice // REZH. 1991. No. 17. Page 31 Economic security is the ability of the national economy to ensure the welfare of the nation and the stability of the internal market, regardless of the action of external factors.

Tambovtsev, V. L. Economic security of the economic systems: structure, problems, Vestn. MSU. Ser. 6. Economy. 1995. No. 3. C. 3 Under the economic security of a system you need to understand “the totality of properties of the state of its production subsystem, providing the ability to achieve the goals of the whole system.”

Economic security on any of its levels is the system of relations between society, state and business entities. Consequently, security at the international level is closely linked to security at the national, regional and microeconomic levels. The source of this unity is the similar nature of the processes influencing the different levels of economic security.

The reasons for the emergence and development of crisis situations caused by threats to economic security, may become various factors of destabilization. Since the strategic goal of economic security is sustainable development, which in the most common aspect combines three main dimensions (economic, social and environmental), it is advisable to offer the appropriate classification of risks and threats. In this regard, the risks and threats to economic security can be divided into three modules (threats and risks of economic, social and environmental).

The threats and risks of an economic nature include: the resource and technical risks, market risks and financial risks. The threats and risks of a social nature include: social risks, legal risks and administrative – political. The threats and risks to the ecological character include: environmental risks of natural, anthropogenic and man-made environmental risks.

It is noteworthy that, as a rule, the researchers in their works focus on single aspects of the research evaluation of risks and threats.

Classification of risks and threats to economic security:

1) Threats and risks of economic character:

Resource and technical risks: ageing logistical and technological base, the destruction of industrial capacity, minimize research and development, the breakup of the research teams, a reduction in training scientific and technical staff, unstable resources, increased dependence on raw materials.

-Market risks and the change of the market conjuncture, loss of markets, weakening the market position compared to competitors, the loss of competitiveness and competitive advantages, increased monopolization of the market.

-Financial risks: breach of financial status, loss of pay, reduction in financial liquidity, increased leverage, reduced financial stability.

2) Threats and risks of a social nature:

-Social risks: the deterioration of the social environment, weakening of work motivation, decline in living standards, increase in social conflicts.

-Regulatory risk: criminalization of the economy, the growth of economic crime, the reduction of legal protection, changes in the regulatory framework.

Administrative-political risks: a change in institutional conditions and guarantees for economic activity, the deterioration of the political situation, a change of leadership and economic policies.

3) Threats and risks of an environmental nature:

Natural environmental risks: climate change, the imbalance of natural systems, natural disasters.

-Anthropogenic and technogenic environmental risks: deterioration of the natural environment and pollution of the biosphere, accidents and disasters of anthropogenic and technogenic character, changing environmental standards and sanitary norms and rules.

However, any risks and threats can come from external environment and to have internal origin.